3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas

Michiko Harayama; Masahiro Nishioka; Taiki Hayashi; Kosuke Watanabe

doi:doi:10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11

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3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas

Michiko Harayama, Masahiro Nishioka, Taiki Hayashi, Kosuke Watanabe

Published in Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems (Volume 9, Issue 2)

Received: 28 May 2021 Accepted: 25 June 2021 Published: 30 June 2021

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Abstract

In recent years, there has been a worldwide boom in mountain climbing because the activity has become easier due to the higher functionality and lighter weight of mountaineering equipment. Along with this boom, mountain distress accidents have also increased. In the event of a disaster, effective communication with search and rescue victims is important. Mobile communication in the mountains, however, is limited because radio waves from the base station may be blocked due to topographic features, vegetation in the surrounding environment, etc. Therefore, a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) could be a useful means of communication. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, e.g., drones and balloons) have become smaller and more sophisticated, with the result that UAVs could now be available as relay devices for MANETs. However, the effectiveness of MANETs in combination with UAVs in mountainous areas has not yet been clarified and no construction method has yet been established. Furthermore, in the case of mountain communication simulations, elevation differences of several thousand meters on mountain trails and radio wave propagation losses peculiar to mountains must be considered, as these conditions differ from those of common MANET simulations. Therefore, in this study, we simulated 3-dimensional MANET with UAVs using the Hotaka mountain range as an example case. Our radio wave propagation model includes the 2-ray ground reflection model, the double knife-edge diffraction loss model, and the standard model of vegetation attenuation. We simulated communication between a climber and a basecamp or hut on the mountain by MANET relayed by drones and a balloon in four scenarios, finding that the UAV expands the communicable area substantially in the mountains. We also examined the influence of rainfall and snow on mountain MANET communication.

Published in	Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11
Page(s)	61-68
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

3-D MANET Simulation, Mountain Rescue, UAV, Double Knife-edge Diffraction Model

References

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[4]	Okada, T. et al. (2015). Report on location detection systems for climbers and others using 150 MHz band radio waves. Ministry of International Affairs & Communication, Japan. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000350877.pdf
[5]	Nakao, T. et al. (2017). Report on the assessment of the use model of the climber location detection system. Ministry of International Affairs & Communication, Japan. https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000477847.pdf
[6]	Watanabe, K., & Harayama M. (2018). 3D Simulation for MANET in Mountainous Areas, Proc. NCSP2018. 525-528.
[7]	Suzuki, H., Asano, D. K., Komatsu M., Takeshita, Y., Sawada, K., Futagawa, M., Nose, H., & Fuwa, Y. (2013). Research on the Construction of an Ad-Hoc Network System for Flexibly Dealing with Disasters. ITC-CSCC2013, Yeosu.
[8]	Cambra, C., Sendra, S., Lloret, J., & Parra, L. (2016). Ad hoc Network for Emergency Rescue System based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Network Protocols and Algorithms 7 (4) 72-89.
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[15]	Recommendation ITU-R P. 833-9 (2016). https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/p/R-REC-P.833-9-201609-I!!PDF-E.pdf
[16]	Recommendation ITU-R P. 838-3 (2005). https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/p/R-REC-P.838-3-200503-I!!PDF-E.pdf
[17]	Karasawa, Y. (2019). Rain attenuation estimation method for terrestrial radio links. http://www.radio3.ee.uec.ac.jp/ronbun/YK-022_Rain_Attenuation_Prediction_Model.pdf
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APA Style

Michiko Harayama, Masahiro Nishioka, Taiki Hayashi, Kosuke Watanabe. (2021). 3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas. Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems, 9(2), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11

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ACS Style

Michiko Harayama; Masahiro Nishioka; Taiki Hayashi; Kosuke Watanabe. 3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas. Autom. Control Intell. Syst. 2021, 9(2), 61-68. doi: 10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11

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AMA Style

Michiko Harayama, Masahiro Nishioka, Taiki Hayashi, Kosuke Watanabe. 3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas. Autom Control Intell Syst. 2021;9(2):61-68. doi: 10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11

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@article{10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11,
  author = {Michiko Harayama and Masahiro Nishioka and Taiki Hayashi and Kosuke Watanabe},
  title = {3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas},
  journal = {Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {61-68},
  doi = {10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.acis.20210902.11},
  abstract = {In recent years, there has been a worldwide boom in mountain climbing because the activity has become easier due to the higher functionality and lighter weight of mountaineering equipment. Along with this boom, mountain distress accidents have also increased. In the event of a disaster, effective communication with search and rescue victims is important. Mobile communication in the mountains, however, is limited because radio waves from the base station may be blocked due to topographic features, vegetation in the surrounding environment, etc. Therefore, a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) could be a useful means of communication. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, e.g., drones and balloons) have become smaller and more sophisticated, with the result that UAVs could now be available as relay devices for MANETs. However, the effectiveness of MANETs in combination with UAVs in mountainous areas has not yet been clarified and no construction method has yet been established. Furthermore, in the case of mountain communication simulations, elevation differences of several thousand meters on mountain trails and radio wave propagation losses peculiar to mountains must be considered, as these conditions differ from those of common MANET simulations. Therefore, in this study, we simulated 3-dimensional MANET with UAVs using the Hotaka mountain range as an example case. Our radio wave propagation model includes the 2-ray ground reflection model, the double knife-edge diffraction loss model, and the standard model of vegetation attenuation. We simulated communication between a climber and a basecamp or hut on the mountain by MANET relayed by drones and a balloon in four scenarios, finding that the UAV expands the communicable area substantially in the mountains. We also examined the influence of rainfall and snow on mountain MANET communication.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - 3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas
AU  - Michiko Harayama
AU  - Masahiro Nishioka
AU  - Taiki Hayashi
AU  - Kosuke Watanabe
Y1  - 2021/06/30
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11
T2  - Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems
JF  - Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems
JO  - Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems
SP  - 61
EP  - 68
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5591
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11
AB  - In recent years, there has been a worldwide boom in mountain climbing because the activity has become easier due to the higher functionality and lighter weight of mountaineering equipment. Along with this boom, mountain distress accidents have also increased. In the event of a disaster, effective communication with search and rescue victims is important. Mobile communication in the mountains, however, is limited because radio waves from the base station may be blocked due to topographic features, vegetation in the surrounding environment, etc. Therefore, a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) could be a useful means of communication. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, e.g., drones and balloons) have become smaller and more sophisticated, with the result that UAVs could now be available as relay devices for MANETs. However, the effectiveness of MANETs in combination with UAVs in mountainous areas has not yet been clarified and no construction method has yet been established. Furthermore, in the case of mountain communication simulations, elevation differences of several thousand meters on mountain trails and radio wave propagation losses peculiar to mountains must be considered, as these conditions differ from those of common MANET simulations. Therefore, in this study, we simulated 3-dimensional MANET with UAVs using the Hotaka mountain range as an example case. Our radio wave propagation model includes the 2-ray ground reflection model, the double knife-edge diffraction loss model, and the standard model of vegetation attenuation. We simulated communication between a climber and a basecamp or hut on the mountain by MANET relayed by drones and a balloon in four scenarios, finding that the UAV expands the communicable area substantially in the mountains. We also examined the influence of rainfall and snow on mountain MANET communication.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Michiko Harayama

Department of Electric Electronics and Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
Masahiro Nishioka

Department of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu, Japan
Taiki Hayashi

Department of Electric Electronics and Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
Kosuke Watanabe

Department of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu, Japan

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APA Style

Michiko Harayama, Masahiro Nishioka, Taiki Hayashi, Kosuke Watanabe. (2021). 3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas. Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems, 9(2), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11

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ACS Style

Michiko Harayama; Masahiro Nishioka; Taiki Hayashi; Kosuke Watanabe. 3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas. Autom. Control Intell. Syst. 2021, 9(2), 61-68. doi: 10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11

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AMA Style

Michiko Harayama, Masahiro Nishioka, Taiki Hayashi, Kosuke Watanabe. 3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas. Autom Control Intell Syst. 2021;9(2):61-68. doi: 10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11

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@article{10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11,
  author = {Michiko Harayama and Masahiro Nishioka and Taiki Hayashi and Kosuke Watanabe},
  title = {3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas},
  journal = {Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {61-68},
  doi = {10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.acis.20210902.11},
  abstract = {In recent years, there has been a worldwide boom in mountain climbing because the activity has become easier due to the higher functionality and lighter weight of mountaineering equipment. Along with this boom, mountain distress accidents have also increased. In the event of a disaster, effective communication with search and rescue victims is important. Mobile communication in the mountains, however, is limited because radio waves from the base station may be blocked due to topographic features, vegetation in the surrounding environment, etc. Therefore, a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) could be a useful means of communication. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, e.g., drones and balloons) have become smaller and more sophisticated, with the result that UAVs could now be available as relay devices for MANETs. However, the effectiveness of MANETs in combination with UAVs in mountainous areas has not yet been clarified and no construction method has yet been established. Furthermore, in the case of mountain communication simulations, elevation differences of several thousand meters on mountain trails and radio wave propagation losses peculiar to mountains must be considered, as these conditions differ from those of common MANET simulations. Therefore, in this study, we simulated 3-dimensional MANET with UAVs using the Hotaka mountain range as an example case. Our radio wave propagation model includes the 2-ray ground reflection model, the double knife-edge diffraction loss model, and the standard model of vegetation attenuation. We simulated communication between a climber and a basecamp or hut on the mountain by MANET relayed by drones and a balloon in four scenarios, finding that the UAV expands the communicable area substantially in the mountains. We also examined the influence of rainfall and snow on mountain MANET communication.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - 3-D Simulation of MANET with UAV in Mountainous Areas
AU  - Michiko Harayama
AU  - Masahiro Nishioka
AU  - Taiki Hayashi
AU  - Kosuke Watanabe
Y1  - 2021/06/30
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11
T2  - Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems
JF  - Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems
JO  - Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems
SP  - 61
EP  - 68
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5591
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acis.20210902.11
AB  - In recent years, there has been a worldwide boom in mountain climbing because the activity has become easier due to the higher functionality and lighter weight of mountaineering equipment. Along with this boom, mountain distress accidents have also increased. In the event of a disaster, effective communication with search and rescue victims is important. Mobile communication in the mountains, however, is limited because radio waves from the base station may be blocked due to topographic features, vegetation in the surrounding environment, etc. Therefore, a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) could be a useful means of communication. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, e.g., drones and balloons) have become smaller and more sophisticated, with the result that UAVs could now be available as relay devices for MANETs. However, the effectiveness of MANETs in combination with UAVs in mountainous areas has not yet been clarified and no construction method has yet been established. Furthermore, in the case of mountain communication simulations, elevation differences of several thousand meters on mountain trails and radio wave propagation losses peculiar to mountains must be considered, as these conditions differ from those of common MANET simulations. Therefore, in this study, we simulated 3-dimensional MANET with UAVs using the Hotaka mountain range as an example case. Our radio wave propagation model includes the 2-ray ground reflection model, the double knife-edge diffraction loss model, and the standard model of vegetation attenuation. We simulated communication between a climber and a basecamp or hut on the mountain by MANET relayed by drones and a balloon in four scenarios, finding that the UAV expands the communicable area substantially in the mountains. We also examined the influence of rainfall and snow on mountain MANET communication.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

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