Improving Properties of Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania

Duwa Hamisi Chengula; Joseph Kilango Mnkeni

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14

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Improving Properties of Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania

Duwa Hamisi Chengula, Joseph Kilango Mnkeni

Published in American Journal of Construction and Building Materials (Volume 5, Issue 1)

Received: 5 June 2021 Accepted: 19 June 2021 Published: 25 June 2021

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Abstract

The study to improve engineering properties of cinder blended materials was conducted in Mbeya region Tanzania. The low volume roads (LVRs) comprises of 75% of the whole road network and serves about 80% of population in Tanzania. The abundant materials in Mbeya region are cinders/scoria, pumices and volcanic soils which are originated from volcanic action. The samples from four source materials which are Ituha cinder, Ituha pozzolan, Mlimanyoka clay and Mbalizi gravel were collected for laboratory tests. Characterizations of source materials were conducted and grading coefficients (GC) and shrinkage products (SP) which are the requirements for selection of materials for surface layers of LVRs were computed. The results for GC and SP for all four source materials are out of range of 16 to 34 units and 100 to 365 units respectively. The California bearing ratios (CBR) at 95%MDD (maximum dry density) for four source materials are 17.6% for Ituha cinder, 25% for Ituha pozzolan, 3.2% for Mlimanyoka clay and 5.1% for Mbalizi gravel. The results for GC, SP and CBR for all four source materials indicated that the materials are not suitable for construction of surface layers of LVRs. The four source materials were blended together to get six blended sample materials targeting GC and SP ranges. The results of CBR values at 95%MDD for the six blended samples are 28% for 10MNCl40ITPo50ITCi0MBGr, 43% for 11MNCl40ITPo39ITCi10MBGr, 56% for 12MNCl35ITPo40ITCi13MBGr, 44% for 13MNCl32ITPo35ITCi20MBG, 39% for 14MNCl42ITPo44ITCi0MBGr and 53% for 15MNCl25ITPo35ITCi25MBGr. The improvement of CBR values of the six blended sample is because of enhanced interlocking and friction properties of the mixtures and addition of clay which act as binder to the coarse grain particles. It is important to develop suitable envelopes for surfacing layer materials of LVRs since interlocking and friction resistance are enhanced by gradation characteristics of material grain particles. For easy blending process of materials, an equation have been developed which can be used to blend materials using GC and SP parameters.

Published in	American Journal of Construction and Building Materials (Volume 5, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14
Page(s)	22-31
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

LVRs, Cinders, Pozzolan, Gravel, CBR, MDD, Volcanic Soils

References

[1]	The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication. Low Volume Roads Manual. November 2016. ISBN: 978-9976-9974-0-8.
[2]	Newill, D., and K. Aklilu. The location and engineering properties of volcanic cinder gravels in Ethiopia. In 7th Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Accra, Ghana, 1980. pp. 1-7.
[3]	Gareth, G. J., Otto, A., Greening, P. A. K., TRL Ltd. Investigation of the Use of Cinder Gravels in Pavement Layers for Low - Volume Roads, Final Project Report, ETH2058A, March 2018.
[4]	Subash G. C, S. R., Suresh K. B, Mipe Sora, Gowtham B. Evaluation of Properties of Cinder As a Replacement for Aggregate in the Construction of Base and Subbase Layers of Pavement. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. Vol. 6, No. Issue 6, June 2017.
[5]	The Ethiopian Roads Authority. Guideline for the Use of Cinder Gravels in Pavement Layers for Low Volume Roads, Final Draft, February 2018. Ras Abebe Aregay Avenue, Addis Ababa.
[6]	Berhanu, G. Stabilizing cinder gravels for heavily trafficked base course. Zede Journal, Vol. 26, 2009, pp. 23-29.
[7]	Wilfred Ngirwa, L. C. Komba and Bakari A. Mahina. United Republic of Tanzania, Agricultural Sector Development Strategy, 2001.
[8]	Fontijn, K., Williamson, D., Mbede, E. and Ernst, G. G. J., The Rungwe Volcanic Province, Tanzania – A Volcanological Review, Journal of African Earth Sciences, Elsevier, Issues 65, Pp 12-31, 2012.
[9]	The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Works. Laboratory Testing Manual, Central Material Laboratory, June 2000, ISBN 9987-8891-3-1.
[10]	Federal Highway Administration. Gravel Roads Construction and Maintenance Guide. U.S. Department of Transportation, 2015.
[11]	Duwa Hamisi Chengula. “Improving Cementitious Properties of Blended Pozzolan Based Materials for Construction of Low Cost Buildings in Mbeya Region, Tanzania”. PhD thesis submitted to Kassel University. Issue 29 of Schriftenreihe Baustoffe und Massivbau, published by Kassel University Press GmbH, Feb 28 2018. ISBN 20183737604436, 9783737604437.
[12]	Duwa Hamisi Chengula. Study on the Effects of Pavement Condition on Level of Service of the Road Segments. Mbeya University of Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Department of Civil. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) (2020) Volume 54, No 1, pp 118-137.
[13]	Msafiri Y. Mkonda and Xinhua He. Yields of the Major Food Crops: Implications to Food Security and Policy in Tanzania’s Semi-Arid Agro-Ecological Zone, Sustainability, August 2017.
[14]	M. Seyfe and A. Geremew. Potential Use of Cinder Gravel as an Alternative Base Course Material through Blending with Crushed Stone Aggregate and Cement Treatment. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma University, Institute of Technology, Ethiopia. Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology Volume 10, Issue 2, September 2019. Doi: 10.33736/jcest.1465.2019.
[15]	Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Roads Authority, Design Manual for Low Volume Roads Part D: Explanatory Notes for Roads, Final Draft April 2011.
[16]	Vasantsingh Pardeshi, Sanjay Nimbalkar and Hadi Khabbaz. Field Assessment of Gravel Loss on Unsealed Roads in Australia. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia. Frontiers in Built Environment, February 2020, Volume 6, Article 3, www.frontiersin.org.

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APA Style

Duwa Hamisi Chengula, Joseph Kilango Mnkeni. (2021). Improving Properties of Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania. American Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 5(1), 22-31. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14

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ACS Style

Duwa Hamisi Chengula; Joseph Kilango Mnkeni. Improving Properties of Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania. Am. J. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 5(1), 22-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14

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AMA Style

Duwa Hamisi Chengula, Joseph Kilango Mnkeni. Improving Properties of Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania. Am J Constr Build Mater. 2021;5(1):22-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14,
  author = {Duwa Hamisi Chengula and Joseph Kilango Mnkeni},
  title = {Improving Properties of Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania},
  journal = {American Journal of Construction and Building Materials},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22-31},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcbm.20210501.14},
  abstract = {The study to improve engineering properties of cinder blended materials was conducted in Mbeya region Tanzania. The low volume roads (LVRs) comprises of 75% of the whole road network and serves about 80% of population in Tanzania. The abundant materials in Mbeya region are cinders/scoria, pumices and volcanic soils which are originated from volcanic action. The samples from four source materials which are Ituha cinder, Ituha pozzolan, Mlimanyoka clay and Mbalizi gravel were collected for laboratory tests. Characterizations of source materials were conducted and grading coefficients (GC) and shrinkage products (SP) which are the requirements for selection of materials for surface layers of LVRs were computed. The results for GC and SP for all four source materials are out of range of 16 to 34 units and 100 to 365 units respectively. The California bearing ratios (CBR) at 95%MDD (maximum dry density) for four source materials are 17.6% for Ituha cinder, 25% for Ituha pozzolan, 3.2% for Mlimanyoka clay and 5.1% for Mbalizi gravel. The results for GC, SP and CBR for all four source materials indicated that the materials are not suitable for construction of surface layers of LVRs. The four source materials were blended together to get six blended sample materials targeting GC and SP ranges. The results of CBR values at 95%MDD for the six blended samples are 28% for 10MNCl40ITPo50ITCi0MBGr, 43% for 11MNCl40ITPo39ITCi10MBGr, 56% for 12MNCl35ITPo40ITCi13MBGr, 44% for 13MNCl32ITPo35ITCi20MBG, 39% for 14MNCl42ITPo44ITCi0MBGr and 53% for 15MNCl25ITPo35ITCi25MBGr. The improvement of CBR values of the six blended sample is because of enhanced interlocking and friction properties of the mixtures and addition of clay which act as binder to the coarse grain particles. It is important to develop suitable envelopes for surfacing layer materials of LVRs since interlocking and friction resistance are enhanced by gradation characteristics of material grain particles. For easy blending process of materials, an equation have been developed which can be used to blend materials using GC and SP parameters.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Improving Properties of Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania
AU  - Duwa Hamisi Chengula
AU  - Joseph Kilango Mnkeni
Y1  - 2021/06/25
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14
T2  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
JF  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
JO  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
SP  - 22
EP  - 31
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0057
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14
AB  - The study to improve engineering properties of cinder blended materials was conducted in Mbeya region Tanzania. The low volume roads (LVRs) comprises of 75% of the whole road network and serves about 80% of population in Tanzania. The abundant materials in Mbeya region are cinders/scoria, pumices and volcanic soils which are originated from volcanic action. The samples from four source materials which are Ituha cinder, Ituha pozzolan, Mlimanyoka clay and Mbalizi gravel were collected for laboratory tests. Characterizations of source materials were conducted and grading coefficients (GC) and shrinkage products (SP) which are the requirements for selection of materials for surface layers of LVRs were computed. The results for GC and SP for all four source materials are out of range of 16 to 34 units and 100 to 365 units respectively. The California bearing ratios (CBR) at 95%MDD (maximum dry density) for four source materials are 17.6% for Ituha cinder, 25% for Ituha pozzolan, 3.2% for Mlimanyoka clay and 5.1% for Mbalizi gravel. The results for GC, SP and CBR for all four source materials indicated that the materials are not suitable for construction of surface layers of LVRs. The four source materials were blended together to get six blended sample materials targeting GC and SP ranges. The results of CBR values at 95%MDD for the six blended samples are 28% for 10MNCl40ITPo50ITCi0MBGr, 43% for 11MNCl40ITPo39ITCi10MBGr, 56% for 12MNCl35ITPo40ITCi13MBGr, 44% for 13MNCl32ITPo35ITCi20MBG, 39% for 14MNCl42ITPo44ITCi0MBGr and 53% for 15MNCl25ITPo35ITCi25MBGr. The improvement of CBR values of the six blended sample is because of enhanced interlocking and friction properties of the mixtures and addition of clay which act as binder to the coarse grain particles. It is important to develop suitable envelopes for surfacing layer materials of LVRs since interlocking and friction resistance are enhanced by gradation characteristics of material grain particles. For easy blending process of materials, an equation have been developed which can be used to blend materials using GC and SP parameters.
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Duwa Hamisi Chengula

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Mbeya, Tanzania
Joseph Kilango Mnkeni

Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Mbeya, Tanzania

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APA Style

Duwa Hamisi Chengula, Joseph Kilango Mnkeni. (2021). Improving Properties of Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania. American Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 5(1), 22-31. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14

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ACS Style

Duwa Hamisi Chengula; Joseph Kilango Mnkeni. Improving Properties of Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania. Am. J. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 5(1), 22-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14

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AMA Style

Duwa Hamisi Chengula, Joseph Kilango Mnkeni. Improving Properties of Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania. Am J Constr Build Mater. 2021;5(1):22-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14,
  author = {Duwa Hamisi Chengula and Joseph Kilango Mnkeni},
  title = {Improving Properties of Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania},
  journal = {American Journal of Construction and Building Materials},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22-31},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcbm.20210501.14},
  abstract = {The study to improve engineering properties of cinder blended materials was conducted in Mbeya region Tanzania. The low volume roads (LVRs) comprises of 75% of the whole road network and serves about 80% of population in Tanzania. The abundant materials in Mbeya region are cinders/scoria, pumices and volcanic soils which are originated from volcanic action. The samples from four source materials which are Ituha cinder, Ituha pozzolan, Mlimanyoka clay and Mbalizi gravel were collected for laboratory tests. Characterizations of source materials were conducted and grading coefficients (GC) and shrinkage products (SP) which are the requirements for selection of materials for surface layers of LVRs were computed. The results for GC and SP for all four source materials are out of range of 16 to 34 units and 100 to 365 units respectively. The California bearing ratios (CBR) at 95%MDD (maximum dry density) for four source materials are 17.6% for Ituha cinder, 25% for Ituha pozzolan, 3.2% for Mlimanyoka clay and 5.1% for Mbalizi gravel. The results for GC, SP and CBR for all four source materials indicated that the materials are not suitable for construction of surface layers of LVRs. The four source materials were blended together to get six blended sample materials targeting GC and SP ranges. The results of CBR values at 95%MDD for the six blended samples are 28% for 10MNCl40ITPo50ITCi0MBGr, 43% for 11MNCl40ITPo39ITCi10MBGr, 56% for 12MNCl35ITPo40ITCi13MBGr, 44% for 13MNCl32ITPo35ITCi20MBG, 39% for 14MNCl42ITPo44ITCi0MBGr and 53% for 15MNCl25ITPo35ITCi25MBGr. The improvement of CBR values of the six blended sample is because of enhanced interlocking and friction properties of the mixtures and addition of clay which act as binder to the coarse grain particles. It is important to develop suitable envelopes for surfacing layer materials of LVRs since interlocking and friction resistance are enhanced by gradation characteristics of material grain particles. For easy blending process of materials, an equation have been developed which can be used to blend materials using GC and SP parameters.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Improving Properties of Cinder Blended Materials for Construction of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania
AU  - Duwa Hamisi Chengula
AU  - Joseph Kilango Mnkeni
Y1  - 2021/06/25
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14
T2  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
JF  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
JO  - American Journal of Construction and Building Materials
SP  - 22
EP  - 31
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0057
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbm.20210501.14
AB  - The study to improve engineering properties of cinder blended materials was conducted in Mbeya region Tanzania. The low volume roads (LVRs) comprises of 75% of the whole road network and serves about 80% of population in Tanzania. The abundant materials in Mbeya region are cinders/scoria, pumices and volcanic soils which are originated from volcanic action. The samples from four source materials which are Ituha cinder, Ituha pozzolan, Mlimanyoka clay and Mbalizi gravel were collected for laboratory tests. Characterizations of source materials were conducted and grading coefficients (GC) and shrinkage products (SP) which are the requirements for selection of materials for surface layers of LVRs were computed. The results for GC and SP for all four source materials are out of range of 16 to 34 units and 100 to 365 units respectively. The California bearing ratios (CBR) at 95%MDD (maximum dry density) for four source materials are 17.6% for Ituha cinder, 25% for Ituha pozzolan, 3.2% for Mlimanyoka clay and 5.1% for Mbalizi gravel. The results for GC, SP and CBR for all four source materials indicated that the materials are not suitable for construction of surface layers of LVRs. The four source materials were blended together to get six blended sample materials targeting GC and SP ranges. The results of CBR values at 95%MDD for the six blended samples are 28% for 10MNCl40ITPo50ITCi0MBGr, 43% for 11MNCl40ITPo39ITCi10MBGr, 56% for 12MNCl35ITPo40ITCi13MBGr, 44% for 13MNCl32ITPo35ITCi20MBG, 39% for 14MNCl42ITPo44ITCi0MBGr and 53% for 15MNCl25ITPo35ITCi25MBGr. The improvement of CBR values of the six blended sample is because of enhanced interlocking and friction properties of the mixtures and addition of clay which act as binder to the coarse grain particles. It is important to develop suitable envelopes for surfacing layer materials of LVRs since interlocking and friction resistance are enhanced by gradation characteristics of material grain particles. For easy blending process of materials, an equation have been developed which can be used to blend materials using GC and SP parameters.
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
ER  -

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