Modified Sulfonated Glucose-Catalyzed Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: Kinetics and Fuel Properties

Haruna Mavakumba Kefas; Robiah Yunus; Umer Rashid; Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12

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Modified Sulfonated Glucose-Catalyzed Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: Kinetics and Fuel Properties

Haruna Mavakumba Kefas, Robiah Yunus, Umer Rashid, Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap

Published in American Journal of Chemical Engineering (Volume 8, Issue 6)

Received: 11 November 2020 Accepted: 24 November 2020 Published: 16 December 2020

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Abstract

The employment of sugar acid catalysts for biodiesel synthesis from non-edible palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has received huge research interest in recent times by reason of their stability and high catalytic performance. Notwithstanding, the need to extend research on the kinetic characteristics of these heterogeneous catalysts is important in order to understand their reaction mechanisms. The present investigation deals with the kinetics for the esterification of PFAD by means of modified sulfonated carbonized glucose catalyst to biodiesel in a three necked conventional reflux batch reactor. The efficient catalyst was synthesized by sulfonation of incomplete carbonized glucose. The pseudo-homogeneous first and second order (equimolar) mechanism was utilized to interpret the data at optimum operating conditions of 10:1 molar fraction of methanol to PFAD, 4 h time of reaction and 4 wt.% quantity of catalyst at varying reaction temperature of 50-65°C. Furthermore, some important properties of the PFAD biodiesel produced were assessed utilizing ASTM methods. The experimental data best fitted the bimolecular model (equimolar) second order model. The activation energy was calculated to be 55.08 kJmol^-1 which indicates that the catalyst was very active in the esterification of the PFAD to biodiesel. Most of the measured fuel properties of the PFAD biodiesel were comparable with the ASTM standards.

Published in	American Journal of Chemical Engineering (Volume 8, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12
Page(s)	131-138
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Modified Sulfonated Glucose, Kinetics, Pseudo Homogeneous, Free Fatty Fcids, Biodiesel, Fuel Properties

References

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APA Style

Haruna Mavakumba Kefas, Robiah Yunus, Umer Rashid, Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap. (2020). Modified Sulfonated Glucose-Catalyzed Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: Kinetics and Fuel Properties. American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 8(6), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12

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ACS Style

Haruna Mavakumba Kefas; Robiah Yunus; Umer Rashid; Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap. Modified Sulfonated Glucose-Catalyzed Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: Kinetics and Fuel Properties. Am. J. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8(6), 131-138. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12

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AMA Style

Haruna Mavakumba Kefas, Robiah Yunus, Umer Rashid, Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap. Modified Sulfonated Glucose-Catalyzed Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: Kinetics and Fuel Properties. Am J Chem Eng. 2020;8(6):131-138. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12,
  author = {Haruna Mavakumba Kefas and Robiah Yunus and Umer Rashid and Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap},
  title = {Modified Sulfonated Glucose-Catalyzed Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: Kinetics and Fuel Properties},
  journal = {American Journal of Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {8},
  number = {6},
  pages = {131-138},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajche.20200806.12},
  abstract = {The employment of sugar acid catalysts for biodiesel synthesis from non-edible palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has received huge research interest in recent times by reason of their stability and high catalytic performance. Notwithstanding, the need to extend research on the kinetic characteristics of these heterogeneous catalysts is important in order to understand their reaction mechanisms. The present investigation deals with the kinetics for the esterification of PFAD by means of modified sulfonated carbonized glucose catalyst to biodiesel in a three necked conventional reflux batch reactor. The efficient catalyst was synthesized by sulfonation of incomplete carbonized glucose. The pseudo-homogeneous first and second order (equimolar) mechanism was utilized to interpret the data at optimum operating conditions of 10:1 molar fraction of methanol to PFAD, 4 h time of reaction and 4 wt.% quantity of catalyst at varying reaction temperature of 50-65°C. Furthermore, some important properties of the PFAD biodiesel produced were assessed utilizing ASTM methods. The experimental data best fitted the bimolecular model (equimolar) second order model. The activation energy was calculated to be 55.08 kJmol-1 which indicates that the catalyst was very active in the esterification of the PFAD to biodiesel. Most of the measured fuel properties of the PFAD biodiesel were comparable with the ASTM standards.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Modified Sulfonated Glucose-Catalyzed Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: Kinetics and Fuel Properties
AU  - Haruna Mavakumba Kefas
AU  - Robiah Yunus
AU  - Umer Rashid
AU  - Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap
Y1  - 2020/12/16
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12
T2  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
SP  - 131
EP  - 138
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8613
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12
AB  - The employment of sugar acid catalysts for biodiesel synthesis from non-edible palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has received huge research interest in recent times by reason of their stability and high catalytic performance. Notwithstanding, the need to extend research on the kinetic characteristics of these heterogeneous catalysts is important in order to understand their reaction mechanisms. The present investigation deals with the kinetics for the esterification of PFAD by means of modified sulfonated carbonized glucose catalyst to biodiesel in a three necked conventional reflux batch reactor. The efficient catalyst was synthesized by sulfonation of incomplete carbonized glucose. The pseudo-homogeneous first and second order (equimolar) mechanism was utilized to interpret the data at optimum operating conditions of 10:1 molar fraction of methanol to PFAD, 4 h time of reaction and 4 wt.% quantity of catalyst at varying reaction temperature of 50-65°C. Furthermore, some important properties of the PFAD biodiesel produced were assessed utilizing ASTM methods. The experimental data best fitted the bimolecular model (equimolar) second order model. The activation energy was calculated to be 55.08 kJmol-1 which indicates that the catalyst was very active in the esterification of the PFAD to biodiesel. Most of the measured fuel properties of the PFAD biodiesel were comparable with the ASTM standards.
VL  - 8
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Haruna Mavakumba Kefas

Department of Chemical Engineering, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria
Robiah Yunus

Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Umer Rashid

Malaysia Institute of Advanced Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap

Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

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APA Style

Haruna Mavakumba Kefas, Robiah Yunus, Umer Rashid, Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap. (2020). Modified Sulfonated Glucose-Catalyzed Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: Kinetics and Fuel Properties. American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 8(6), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12

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ACS Style

Haruna Mavakumba Kefas; Robiah Yunus; Umer Rashid; Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap. Modified Sulfonated Glucose-Catalyzed Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: Kinetics and Fuel Properties. Am. J. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8(6), 131-138. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12

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AMA Style

Haruna Mavakumba Kefas, Robiah Yunus, Umer Rashid, Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap. Modified Sulfonated Glucose-Catalyzed Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: Kinetics and Fuel Properties. Am J Chem Eng. 2020;8(6):131-138. doi: 10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12,
  author = {Haruna Mavakumba Kefas and Robiah Yunus and Umer Rashid and Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap},
  title = {Modified Sulfonated Glucose-Catalyzed Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: Kinetics and Fuel Properties},
  journal = {American Journal of Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {8},
  number = {6},
  pages = {131-138},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajche.20200806.12},
  abstract = {The employment of sugar acid catalysts for biodiesel synthesis from non-edible palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has received huge research interest in recent times by reason of their stability and high catalytic performance. Notwithstanding, the need to extend research on the kinetic characteristics of these heterogeneous catalysts is important in order to understand their reaction mechanisms. The present investigation deals with the kinetics for the esterification of PFAD by means of modified sulfonated carbonized glucose catalyst to biodiesel in a three necked conventional reflux batch reactor. The efficient catalyst was synthesized by sulfonation of incomplete carbonized glucose. The pseudo-homogeneous first and second order (equimolar) mechanism was utilized to interpret the data at optimum operating conditions of 10:1 molar fraction of methanol to PFAD, 4 h time of reaction and 4 wt.% quantity of catalyst at varying reaction temperature of 50-65°C. Furthermore, some important properties of the PFAD biodiesel produced were assessed utilizing ASTM methods. The experimental data best fitted the bimolecular model (equimolar) second order model. The activation energy was calculated to be 55.08 kJmol-1 which indicates that the catalyst was very active in the esterification of the PFAD to biodiesel. Most of the measured fuel properties of the PFAD biodiesel were comparable with the ASTM standards.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Modified Sulfonated Glucose-Catalyzed Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate: Kinetics and Fuel Properties
AU  - Haruna Mavakumba Kefas
AU  - Robiah Yunus
AU  - Umer Rashid
AU  - Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap
Y1  - 2020/12/16
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12
T2  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Chemical Engineering
SP  - 131
EP  - 138
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8613
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20200806.12
AB  - The employment of sugar acid catalysts for biodiesel synthesis from non-edible palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has received huge research interest in recent times by reason of their stability and high catalytic performance. Notwithstanding, the need to extend research on the kinetic characteristics of these heterogeneous catalysts is important in order to understand their reaction mechanisms. The present investigation deals with the kinetics for the esterification of PFAD by means of modified sulfonated carbonized glucose catalyst to biodiesel in a three necked conventional reflux batch reactor. The efficient catalyst was synthesized by sulfonation of incomplete carbonized glucose. The pseudo-homogeneous first and second order (equimolar) mechanism was utilized to interpret the data at optimum operating conditions of 10:1 molar fraction of methanol to PFAD, 4 h time of reaction and 4 wt.% quantity of catalyst at varying reaction temperature of 50-65°C. Furthermore, some important properties of the PFAD biodiesel produced were assessed utilizing ASTM methods. The experimental data best fitted the bimolecular model (equimolar) second order model. The activation energy was calculated to be 55.08 kJmol-1 which indicates that the catalyst was very active in the esterification of the PFAD to biodiesel. Most of the measured fuel properties of the PFAD biodiesel were comparable with the ASTM standards.
VL  - 8
IS  - 6
ER  -

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