Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study

Atul Kapoor; Aprajita Kapoor; Goldaa Mahajan

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11

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Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study

Atul Kapoor, Aprajita Kapoor, Goldaa Mahajan

Published in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research (Volume 5, Issue 3)

Received: 9 June 2021 Accepted: 23 June 2021 Published: 30 June 2021

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Abstract

Background: Asian Indians have the highest prevalence (11%) of coronary artery risk worldwide compared to all other races. So far no quantifiable risk factor has been shown to explain such a high prevalence. Fat attenuation index (FAI) using CT coronary angiography (CTCA) has been recently used to demonstrate coronary perivascular inflammation and to confirm that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process. Hence this study was conducted to determine FAI using CTCA in 200 adult Indians as a retrospective study to determine if it can be the answer to establish the cause for high prevalence of CAD in Indians and whether there are differences in FAI in normal adults and those with significant CAD and to determine if it could be used as imaging biomarker for diagnosis and follow up of such patients. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of 200 patients who underwent CTCA was done. Patients were divided into two groups based on no coronary disease (NOCAD) and those with significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Patient demographics were recorded for both groups. FAI estimation was done along with Plaque volume index (PVI), pericardial volume estimation and the differences between the two groups were statistically analysed. Results: Mean patient age in both groups was 52 years with male predominance (75-80%). Mean FAI,s for left anterior descending and right coronary arteries was 45.4 and -44.7 HU and of -38.0 and -39.2 HU for NOCAD and CAD groups respectively (p<0.001). Sensitivity and specificity of FAI to differentiate NOCAD from CAD at a cut off value >-38HU was 73% and 80% respectively with LR of 3.6. Conclusion: Normal adult Indians with NOCAD showed a high FAI compared to all other races which could be reason for highest prevalence of CAD amongst Indians. FAI can be used as imaging biomarker to differentiate CAD from NOCAD with sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 80% respectively.

Published in	Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research (Volume 5, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11
Page(s)	129-134
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Coronary Artery Disease, CT Coronary Angiography, Fat Attenuation Index

References

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APA Style

Atul Kapoor, Aprajita Kapoor, Goldaa Mahajan. (2021). Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, 5(3), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11

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ACS Style

Atul Kapoor; Aprajita Kapoor; Goldaa Mahajan. Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Res. 2021, 5(3), 129-134. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11

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AMA Style

Atul Kapoor, Aprajita Kapoor, Goldaa Mahajan. Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study. Cardiol Cardiovasc Res. 2021;5(3):129-134. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11,
  author = {Atul Kapoor and Aprajita Kapoor and Goldaa Mahajan},
  title = {Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study},
  journal = {Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {129-134},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ccr.20210503.11},
  abstract = {Background: Asian Indians have the highest prevalence (11%) of coronary artery risk worldwide compared to all other races. So far no quantifiable risk factor has been shown to explain such a high prevalence. Fat attenuation index (FAI) using CT coronary angiography (CTCA) has been recently used to demonstrate coronary perivascular inflammation and to confirm that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process. Hence this study was conducted to determine FAI using CTCA in 200 adult Indians as a retrospective study to determine if it can be the answer to establish the cause for high prevalence of CAD in Indians and whether there are differences in FAI in normal adults and those with significant CAD and to determine if it could be used as imaging biomarker for diagnosis and follow up of such patients. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of 200 patients who underwent CTCA was done. Patients were divided into two groups based on no coronary disease (NOCAD) and those with significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Patient demographics were recorded for both groups. FAI estimation was done along with Plaque volume index (PVI), pericardial volume estimation and the differences between the two groups were statistically analysed. Results: Mean patient age in both groups was 52 years with male predominance (75-80%). Mean FAI,s for left anterior descending and right coronary arteries was 45.4 and -44.7 HU and of -38.0 and -39.2 HU for NOCAD and CAD groups respectively (p-38HU was 73% and 80% respectively with LR of 3.6. Conclusion: Normal adult Indians with NOCAD showed a high FAI compared to all other races which could be reason for highest prevalence of CAD amongst Indians. FAI can be used as imaging biomarker to differentiate CAD from NOCAD with sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 80% respectively.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study
AU  - Atul Kapoor
AU  - Aprajita Kapoor
AU  - Goldaa Mahajan
Y1  - 2021/06/30
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11
T2  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JF  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JO  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
SP  - 129
EP  - 134
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-8914
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11
AB  - Background: Asian Indians have the highest prevalence (11%) of coronary artery risk worldwide compared to all other races. So far no quantifiable risk factor has been shown to explain such a high prevalence. Fat attenuation index (FAI) using CT coronary angiography (CTCA) has been recently used to demonstrate coronary perivascular inflammation and to confirm that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process. Hence this study was conducted to determine FAI using CTCA in 200 adult Indians as a retrospective study to determine if it can be the answer to establish the cause for high prevalence of CAD in Indians and whether there are differences in FAI in normal adults and those with significant CAD and to determine if it could be used as imaging biomarker for diagnosis and follow up of such patients. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of 200 patients who underwent CTCA was done. Patients were divided into two groups based on no coronary disease (NOCAD) and those with significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Patient demographics were recorded for both groups. FAI estimation was done along with Plaque volume index (PVI), pericardial volume estimation and the differences between the two groups were statistically analysed. Results: Mean patient age in both groups was 52 years with male predominance (75-80%). Mean FAI,s for left anterior descending and right coronary arteries was 45.4 and -44.7 HU and of -38.0 and -39.2 HU for NOCAD and CAD groups respectively (p-38HU was 73% and 80% respectively with LR of 3.6. Conclusion: Normal adult Indians with NOCAD showed a high FAI compared to all other races which could be reason for highest prevalence of CAD amongst Indians. FAI can be used as imaging biomarker to differentiate CAD from NOCAD with sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 80% respectively.
VL  - 5
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Atul Kapoor

Advanced Diagnostics and Institute of Imaging, Amritsar, Punjab, India
Aprajita Kapoor

Advanced Diagnostics and Institute of Imaging, Amritsar, Punjab, India
Goldaa Mahajan

Advanced Diagnostics and Institute of Imaging, Amritsar, Punjab, India

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APA Style

Atul Kapoor, Aprajita Kapoor, Goldaa Mahajan. (2021). Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research, 5(3), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11

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ACS Style

Atul Kapoor; Aprajita Kapoor; Goldaa Mahajan. Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study. Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Res. 2021, 5(3), 129-134. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11

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AMA Style

Atul Kapoor, Aprajita Kapoor, Goldaa Mahajan. Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study. Cardiol Cardiovasc Res. 2021;5(3):129-134. doi: 10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11,
  author = {Atul Kapoor and Aprajita Kapoor and Goldaa Mahajan},
  title = {Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study},
  journal = {Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {129-134},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ccr.20210503.11},
  abstract = {Background: Asian Indians have the highest prevalence (11%) of coronary artery risk worldwide compared to all other races. So far no quantifiable risk factor has been shown to explain such a high prevalence. Fat attenuation index (FAI) using CT coronary angiography (CTCA) has been recently used to demonstrate coronary perivascular inflammation and to confirm that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process. Hence this study was conducted to determine FAI using CTCA in 200 adult Indians as a retrospective study to determine if it can be the answer to establish the cause for high prevalence of CAD in Indians and whether there are differences in FAI in normal adults and those with significant CAD and to determine if it could be used as imaging biomarker for diagnosis and follow up of such patients. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of 200 patients who underwent CTCA was done. Patients were divided into two groups based on no coronary disease (NOCAD) and those with significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Patient demographics were recorded for both groups. FAI estimation was done along with Plaque volume index (PVI), pericardial volume estimation and the differences between the two groups were statistically analysed. Results: Mean patient age in both groups was 52 years with male predominance (75-80%). Mean FAI,s for left anterior descending and right coronary arteries was 45.4 and -44.7 HU and of -38.0 and -39.2 HU for NOCAD and CAD groups respectively (p-38HU was 73% and 80% respectively with LR of 3.6. Conclusion: Normal adult Indians with NOCAD showed a high FAI compared to all other races which could be reason for highest prevalence of CAD amongst Indians. FAI can be used as imaging biomarker to differentiate CAD from NOCAD with sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 80% respectively.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study
AU  - Atul Kapoor
AU  - Aprajita Kapoor
AU  - Goldaa Mahajan
Y1  - 2021/06/30
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11
T2  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JF  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
JO  - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research
SP  - 129
EP  - 134
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-8914
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210503.11
AB  - Background: Asian Indians have the highest prevalence (11%) of coronary artery risk worldwide compared to all other races. So far no quantifiable risk factor has been shown to explain such a high prevalence. Fat attenuation index (FAI) using CT coronary angiography (CTCA) has been recently used to demonstrate coronary perivascular inflammation and to confirm that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process. Hence this study was conducted to determine FAI using CTCA in 200 adult Indians as a retrospective study to determine if it can be the answer to establish the cause for high prevalence of CAD in Indians and whether there are differences in FAI in normal adults and those with significant CAD and to determine if it could be used as imaging biomarker for diagnosis and follow up of such patients. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of 200 patients who underwent CTCA was done. Patients were divided into two groups based on no coronary disease (NOCAD) and those with significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Patient demographics were recorded for both groups. FAI estimation was done along with Plaque volume index (PVI), pericardial volume estimation and the differences between the two groups were statistically analysed. Results: Mean patient age in both groups was 52 years with male predominance (75-80%). Mean FAI,s for left anterior descending and right coronary arteries was 45.4 and -44.7 HU and of -38.0 and -39.2 HU for NOCAD and CAD groups respectively (p-38HU was 73% and 80% respectively with LR of 3.6. Conclusion: Normal adult Indians with NOCAD showed a high FAI compared to all other races which could be reason for highest prevalence of CAD amongst Indians. FAI can be used as imaging biomarker to differentiate CAD from NOCAD with sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 80% respectively.
VL  - 5
IS  - 3
ER  -

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