Status of Malaria in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas

Arvind Nath

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Status of Malaria in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas

Arvind Nath

Published in European Journal of Preventive Medicine (Volume 10, Issue 6)

Received: 28 October 2022 Accepted: 13 December 2022 Published: 27 December 2022

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Malaria is still one of the major public health problems which is reemerging in Americas due to its vast forest area and tourism. The objective of this paper is to present a birds-eye view of the Malaria situation in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas. The methods included online searches related to Malaria for each country such as from the W.H.O., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA (CDC), the National Health Service, UK (NHS) and journal articles as well as national program documents. The W.H.O. Region of the Americas consists of forty-nine countries. Despite the stringent efforts to eliminate Malaria cases, only twelve countries were given Malaria free certificates by W.H.O. Most of the countries of the Americas were able to eliminate Malaria more than half a century ago and in a large part this was due to advances in improving sanitation so that breeding places for the mosquitoes ceased to exist. Thirty-one countries are free of indigenous Malaria while the remaining eighteen are progressing towards that target. Therefore, it is seen that many countries in the Region of the Americas are yet to receive certification of Malaria elimination. Close coordination and collaboration between the public health departments and stakeholders is required to eliminate Malaria in the Americas.

Published in	European Journal of Preventive Medicine (Volume 10, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12
Page(s)	115-119
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Malaria, World Health Organization, Plasmodium

References

[1]	The Malaria Atlas Project. Available at https://malariaatlas.org/trends/region/WHO/PAHO Accessed on 22 September 2022.
[2]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveler’s Health. Anguilla. Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/yellow-fever-vaccine-and-malaria-prophylaxis-information-by-country/anguilla Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[3]	World Health Organization. Available at https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/elimination/countries-and-territories-certified-malaria-free-by-who Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[4]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveler’s Health. Aruba. Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/yellow-fever-vaccine-and-malaria-prophylaxis-information-by-country/aruba Accessed on 22 September 2022.
[5]	Pan American Health Organization. Available at https://www.paho.org/en/news/22-4-2021-world-malaria-day-april-25-maintaining-achievements-zero-malaria-cases-belize-and Accessed on 22 September 2022.
[6]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveler’s Health. Bermuda. Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/yellow-fever-vaccine-and-malaria-prophylaxis-information-by-country/bermuda Accessed on 22 September 2022.
[7]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Bolivia Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_bol_en.pdf?sfvrsn=fababc4c_3&download=true Accessed on 22 September 2022.
[8]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Brazil Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_bra_en.pdf?sfvrsn=aacc1514_3&download=true Accessed on 22 September 2022.
[9]	National Health Service. https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/destinations/caribbean/british-virgin-islands Accessed on 22 September 2022.
[10]	https://www.nomadtravel.co.uk/travel-clinic/travel-vaccinations-for/north-america-central-america-caribbean/cayman-islands Accessed on 22 September 2022.
[11]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Colombia Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_col_en.pdf?sfvrsn=61b3ece4_3&download=true Accessed on 22 September 2022.
[12]	National Health Service. https://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/publications/hps-weekly-report/volume-56/issue-9/malaria-in-costa-rica-zona-norte-update/ Accessed on 22 September 2022.
[13]	http://outbreaknewstoday.com/costa-rica-reports-increase-in-malaria-in-2022/ Accessed on 22 September 2022.
[14]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveler’s Health. Curacao Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/yellow-fever-vaccine-and-malaria-prophylaxis-information-by-country/curacao Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[15]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Dominican Republic. Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_dom_en.pdf?sfvrsn=acabda2a_3&download=true Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[16]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Ecuador. Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_ecu_en.pdf?sfvrsn=7a63f3e1_3&download=true Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[17]	World Health Organization. Available at https://www.who.int/news/item/25-02-2021-el-salvador-certified-as-malaria-free-by-who Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[18]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: French Guiana. Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_guf_en.pdf?sfvrsn=e0cc6b1d_3&download=true Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[19]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveler’s Health. Grenada. Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/yellow-fever-vaccine-and-malaria-prophylaxis-information-by-country/grenada Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[20]	Pan American Health Organization Available at https://www3.paho.org/salud-en-las-americas-2012/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41:french-guiana-guadeloupe-and-martinique&Itemid=147&lang=en Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[21]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Guatemala. Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_gtm_en.pdf?sfvrsn=84627809_3&download=true Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[22]	World Health Organization. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/tackling-malaria-in-remote-mining-communities-in-guyana#:~:text=Currently%2C%20Guyana%20represents%20about%203,of%20our%2010%20administrative%20regions. Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[23]	Ewan Cameron, Alyssa J Young, Katherine A Twohig, Emilie Pothin, Darlene Bhavnani, Amber Dismer, Jean Baptiste Merilien, Karen Hamre, Phoebe Meyer, Arnaud Le Menach, Justin M Cohen, Samson Marseille, Jean Frantz Lemoine, Marc-Aurèle Telfort, Michelle A Chang, Kimberly Won, Alaine Knipes, Eric Rogier, Punam Amratia, Daniel J Weiss, Peter W Gething, Katherine E Battle (2021) Mapping the endemicity and seasonality of clinical malaria for intervention targeting in Haiti using routine case data eLife 10: e62122. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.62122 Available at https://elifesciences.org/articles/62122 Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[24]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Honduras. Available https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_hnd_en.pdf?sfvrsn=1f328628_3&download=true Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[25]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveler’s Health. Jamaica. Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/yellow-fever-vaccine-and-malaria-prophylaxis-information-by-country/jamaica Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[26]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveler’s Health. Martinique. Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/yellow-fever-vaccine-and-malaria-prophylaxis-information-by-country/martinique Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[27]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Mexico Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_mex_en.pdf?sfvrsn=a630012a_3&download=true Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[28]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveler’s Health. Montserrat. Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/yellow-fever-vaccine-and-malaria-prophylaxis-information-by-country/montserrat Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[29]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/travelers/country_table/n.html Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[30]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Nicaragua. Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_nic_en.pdf?sfvrsn=4994006a_3&download=true Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[31]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Panama Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_pan_en.pdf?sfvrsn=5d8ac3e3_3&download=true Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[32]	World Health Organization. Available at https://www.who.int/news/item/11-06-2018-who-certifies-paraguay-malaria-free Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[33]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Peru. Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_per_en.pdf?sfvrsn=9cd631a9_3&download=true Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[34]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveler’s Health. Puerto Rico. Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/yellow-fever-vaccine-and-malaria-prophylaxis-information-by-country/puerto-rico Accessed on 13 September 2022.
[35]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveler’s Health. Saint Lucia. Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/yellow-fever-vaccine-and-malaria-prophylaxis-information-by-country/saint-lucia Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[36]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveler’s Health. Sint Maarten Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/yellow-fever-vaccine-and-malaria-prophylaxis-information-by-country/sint-maarten Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[37]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Suriname. Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_sur_en.pdf?sfvrsn=68256560_3&download=true Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[38]	National Health Service Available at https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/destinations/caribbean/trinidad-and-tobago Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[39]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traveler’s Health. Turks and Caicos Islands. Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/preparing-international-travelers/yellow-fever-vaccine-and-malaria-prophylaxis-information-by-country/turks-and-caicos Accessed on 23 September 2022.
[40]	World Health Organization. Malaria 2021 Country Profile: Venezuela. Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/country-profiles/2018/profile_ven_en.pdf?sfvrsn=ad8aa38a_3&download=true Accessed on 23 September 2022.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Arvind Nath. (2022). Status of Malaria in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas. European Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10(6), 115-119. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Arvind Nath. Status of Malaria in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas. Eur. J. Prev. Med. 2022, 10(6), 115-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Arvind Nath. Status of Malaria in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas. Eur J Prev Med. 2022;10(6):115-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12,
  author = {Arvind Nath},
  title = {Status of Malaria in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas},
  journal = {European Journal of Preventive Medicine},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {115-119},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejpm.20221006.12},
  abstract = {Malaria is still one of the major public health problems which is reemerging in Americas due to its vast forest area and tourism. The objective of this paper is to present a birds-eye view of the Malaria situation in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas. The methods included online searches related to Malaria for each country such as from the W.H.O., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA (CDC), the National Health Service, UK (NHS) and journal articles as well as national program documents. The W.H.O. Region of the Americas consists of forty-nine countries. Despite the stringent efforts to eliminate Malaria cases, only twelve countries were given Malaria free certificates by W.H.O. Most of the countries of the Americas were able to eliminate Malaria more than half a century ago and in a large part this was due to advances in improving sanitation so that breeding places for the mosquitoes ceased to exist. Thirty-one countries are free of indigenous Malaria while the remaining eighteen are progressing towards that target. Therefore, it is seen that many countries in the Region of the Americas are yet to receive certification of Malaria elimination. Close coordination and collaboration between the public health departments and stakeholders is required to eliminate Malaria in the Americas.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Status of Malaria in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas
AU  - Arvind Nath
Y1  - 2022/12/27
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12
T2  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JF  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JO  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
SP  - 115
EP  - 119
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8230
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12
AB  - Malaria is still one of the major public health problems which is reemerging in Americas due to its vast forest area and tourism. The objective of this paper is to present a birds-eye view of the Malaria situation in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas. The methods included online searches related to Malaria for each country such as from the W.H.O., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA (CDC), the National Health Service, UK (NHS) and journal articles as well as national program documents. The W.H.O. Region of the Americas consists of forty-nine countries. Despite the stringent efforts to eliminate Malaria cases, only twelve countries were given Malaria free certificates by W.H.O. Most of the countries of the Americas were able to eliminate Malaria more than half a century ago and in a large part this was due to advances in improving sanitation so that breeding places for the mosquitoes ceased to exist. Thirty-one countries are free of indigenous Malaria while the remaining eighteen are progressing towards that target. Therefore, it is seen that many countries in the Region of the Americas are yet to receive certification of Malaria elimination. Close coordination and collaboration between the public health departments and stakeholders is required to eliminate Malaria in the Americas.
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Arvind Nath

Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Arvind Nath. (2022). Status of Malaria in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas. European Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10(6), 115-119. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Arvind Nath. Status of Malaria in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas. Eur. J. Prev. Med. 2022, 10(6), 115-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Arvind Nath. Status of Malaria in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas. Eur J Prev Med. 2022;10(6):115-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12,
  author = {Arvind Nath},
  title = {Status of Malaria in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas},
  journal = {European Journal of Preventive Medicine},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {115-119},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ejpm.20221006.12},
  abstract = {Malaria is still one of the major public health problems which is reemerging in Americas due to its vast forest area and tourism. The objective of this paper is to present a birds-eye view of the Malaria situation in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas. The methods included online searches related to Malaria for each country such as from the W.H.O., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA (CDC), the National Health Service, UK (NHS) and journal articles as well as national program documents. The W.H.O. Region of the Americas consists of forty-nine countries. Despite the stringent efforts to eliminate Malaria cases, only twelve countries were given Malaria free certificates by W.H.O. Most of the countries of the Americas were able to eliminate Malaria more than half a century ago and in a large part this was due to advances in improving sanitation so that breeding places for the mosquitoes ceased to exist. Thirty-one countries are free of indigenous Malaria while the remaining eighteen are progressing towards that target. Therefore, it is seen that many countries in the Region of the Americas are yet to receive certification of Malaria elimination. Close coordination and collaboration between the public health departments and stakeholders is required to eliminate Malaria in the Americas.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Status of Malaria in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas
AU  - Arvind Nath
Y1  - 2022/12/27
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12
T2  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JF  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
JO  - European Journal of Preventive Medicine
SP  - 115
EP  - 119
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8230
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20221006.12
AB  - Malaria is still one of the major public health problems which is reemerging in Americas due to its vast forest area and tourism. The objective of this paper is to present a birds-eye view of the Malaria situation in the W.H.O. Region of the Americas. The methods included online searches related to Malaria for each country such as from the W.H.O., the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA (CDC), the National Health Service, UK (NHS) and journal articles as well as national program documents. The W.H.O. Region of the Americas consists of forty-nine countries. Despite the stringent efforts to eliminate Malaria cases, only twelve countries were given Malaria free certificates by W.H.O. Most of the countries of the Americas were able to eliminate Malaria more than half a century ago and in a large part this was due to advances in improving sanitation so that breeding places for the mosquitoes ceased to exist. Thirty-one countries are free of indigenous Malaria while the remaining eighteen are progressing towards that target. Therefore, it is seen that many countries in the Region of the Americas are yet to receive certification of Malaria elimination. Close coordination and collaboration between the public health departments and stakeholders is required to eliminate Malaria in the Americas.
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download