Rivers’s Postulates Fulfilled for Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus

Vandana Dharan; Suja Aarattuthodi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Rivers’s Postulates Fulfilled for Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus

Vandana Dharan, Suja Aarattuthodi

Published in Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology (Volume 7, Issue 3)

Received: 2 November 2021 Accepted: 18 November 2021 Published: 24 November 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Blue catfish alloherpesvirus (BCAHV) is a strain of ictalurid herpesvirus-1 belonging to the family Alloherpesviridae. A detailed study on the pathogenesis of this virus revealed that it causes significant mortalities in blue catfish fingerlings and could be problematic with hybrid catfish production. The genome of BCAHV has 94% similarity with channel catfish virus (CCV) and these herpesviruses are a major threat to the hatchery and nursery phases of fish production. Even though, several studies have been caried out regarding the virulence, immune responses, and factors influencing infection, Rivers’s postulates have not been verified for BCAHV infection so far. Validation of Rivers’s postulates is essential to confirm virus as the causative agent of a disease. Testing and verification of Rivers’s postulates are also essential to decide on treatments or while establishing proactive management strategies. In the current study, we tested Rivers’s postulates to validate BCAHV as the etiologic agent of the infection in blue catfish fingerlings. The infected blue catfish tissues were processed, filtered, inoculated onto channel catfish ovary (CCO) cells, and virus-specific cytopathic effects were observed. The cell culture propagated-BCAHV produced comparable infection in naïve blue catfish when exposed via immersion and was reisolated from the infected fish. Specific immune responses against BCAHV were observed, when survivors from an initial virus exposure were challenged with wild type virus after 45 days. Here, Rivers’s postulates were satisfied for BCHAV infection in blue catfish proving BCAHV as the etiological agent of infection.

Published in	Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology (Volume 7, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12
Page(s)	80-84
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Rivers’s Postulates, Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus, Cytopathic Effects, Immune Response

References

[1]	Kibenge, F. S. B. (2016). Determinants of emergence of viral diseases in aquaculture. In Aquaculture Virology. Edited by Kibenge FSB, Godoy MG. Elsevier Inc., Academic Press; 95-116.
[2]	Rodgers, C., Mohan, C., & Peeler, E. (2011). The spread of pathogens through trade in aquatic animals and their products. Scientific and technical review - International Office of Epizootics, 30, 241-256.
[3]	Kim, H. J., & Kwon, S. R. (2013). Evidence for two koi herpesvirus (KHV) genotypes in South Korea. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 104, 197-202.
[4]	Phelps, N. B. D., M. E. Craft, D. Travis, K. Pelican, & Goyal, S. M. (2014). Risk-based management of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in Minnesota. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 34, 373-379.
[5]	Kibenge, F. S. B. (2019). Emerging viruses in aquaculture. Current Opinion in Virology, 34, 97-103.
[6]	Horsfall, F. L. (1965). Thomas Milton Rivers, September 3, 1888-May 12, 1962. Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, 38, 263-294.
[7]	Gelderblom, H. R. (1996). Structure and Classification of Viruses. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th ed. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996. Chapter 41.
[8]	Lecoq, H. (2001). Discovery of the first virus, the tobacco mosaic virus: 1892 or 1898? Proceedings of the Academy of sciences, 324 (10), 929-933.
[9]	Koonin, E. V., & Starokadomskyy, P. (2016). Are viruses alive? The replicator paradigm sheds decisive light on an old but misguided question. Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences, 59, 125-134.
[10]	Leland, D. S., & French, M. L. V. (1988). Virus isolation and identification. In: Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases Principles and Practice. Springer, New York, NY.
[11]	Leland, D. S., & Ginocchio, C. C. (2007). Role of cell culture for virus detection in the age of technology. Clinical Microbiology Review, 20, 49-78.
[12]	Hsiung, G. D. (1984). Diagnostic virology: from animals to automation. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 57, 727-733.
[13]	Koch, R. (1884). The etiology of tuberculosis. Reports from the Imperial Office of Public Health, 2, 1-88.
[14]	Rivers, T. M. (1937). Viruses and Koch’s postulates. Journal of Bacteriology, 33, 1-12.
[15]	Hanson, L., Dishon, A., & Kotler, M. (2011). Herpesviruses that infect fish. Viruses, 3 (11), 2160- 2191.
[16]	Hanson, L., Doszpoly, A., van Beurden, S. J., de Oliveira Viadanna, P. H., & Waltzek, T. (2016). Alloherpesviruses of fish. In F. S. B. Kibenge & M. G. Godoy (Eds.), Aquaculture Virology (pp. 153-172). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
[17]	Aarattuthodiyil, S., & Dharan, V. (2019). Viruses impacting the catfish industry. National Warmwater Aquaculture Center News, 16 (1), 10-11.
[18]	Dharan, V., Khoo, L., Phelps, N. B. D., Kumar, G., Steadman, J., Bosworth, B., & Aarattuthodi, S. (2021). An investigation into the pathogenesis of blue catfish alloherpesvirus in ictalurid catfish. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12850.
[19]	Hanson, L. A., Rudis, M. R., Vasquez-Lee, M., & Montgomery, R. D. (2006). A broadly applicable method to characterize large DNA viruses and adenoviruses based on the DNA polymerase gene. Virology Journal, 3, 28.
[20]	Subramaniam, K., Venugopalan, A., Davison, A. J., Griffin, M. J., Ford, L., Waltzek, T. B., & Hanson, L. (2019). Complete genome sequence of an Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 strain isolated from blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus). Microbiology Resource Announcements, 8 (15), e00082-19.
[21]	Silverstein, P. S., Van Santen, V. L., Nusbaum, K. E., & Bird, R. C. (1998). Expression kinetics and mapping of the thymidine kinase transcript and an immediate-early transcript from channel catfish virus. Journal of Virology, 72, 3900-3906.
[22]	Silverstein, P. S., Bosworth, B. G., & Gaunt, P. S. (2008). Differential susceptibility of blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus (Valenciennes), channel catfish, I. punctatus (Rafinesque), and blue x channel catfish hybrids to channel catfish virus. Journal of Fish Diseases, 31, 77-79.
[23]	Evans, A. S. (1976). Causation and disease: the Henle-Koch postulates revisited. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 49 (2), 175-195.
[24]	Fijan, N. N., Welborn, T. L. J., & Naftel, J. P. (1970). An acute viral disease of channel catfish. US Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Technical Paper, 43, 11 pp.
[25]	Wolf, K., & Darlington, R. W. (1971). Channel catfish virus: A new herpesvirus of ictalurid fish. Journal of Virology, 8(4), 525-533.
[26]	Bowser, P. R., & Plumb, J. A. (1980). Growth rates of a new cell line from channel catfish ovary and channel catfish virus replication at different temperatures. The Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 871-873.
[27]	Eiring, A. G., & Scher ER, W. F. (1961). Appearance of persistently cytopathic Eastern and Western encephalitis viruses after "blind" passage in cultures of L mouse fibroblasts. Journal of Immunology, 87, 96-105.
[28]	Klimpel, G. R. (1996). Immune Defenses. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996. Chapter 50.
[29]	Tattiyapong, P., Dechavichitlead, W., Waltzek, T. B., & Surachetpong, W. (2020). Tilapia develop protective immunity including a humoral response following exposure to tilapia lake virus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 106, 666-674.
[30]	Hwang, J. A., Kim, J. E., Kim, H. S., & Lee, J. H. (2017). Immune response to koi herpesvirus (KHV) of koi and koi × red common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Development & reproduction, 21 (4), 361-370.
[31]	Levine, M. M., & Sztein, M. B. (2004). Vaccine development strategies for improving immunization: The role of modern immunology. Nature Immunology, 5, 460.
[32]	Shoemaker, C. A., Klesius, P. H., Evans, J. J., & Arias, C. R. (2009). Use of modified live vaccines in aquaculture. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 40, 573-585.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Vandana Dharan, Suja Aarattuthodi. (2021). Rivers’s Postulates Fulfilled for Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 7(3), 80-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Vandana Dharan; Suja Aarattuthodi. Rivers’s Postulates Fulfilled for Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus. Front. Environ. Microbiol. 2021, 7(3), 80-84. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Vandana Dharan, Suja Aarattuthodi. Rivers’s Postulates Fulfilled for Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus. Front Environ Microbiol. 2021;7(3):80-84. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12,
  author = {Vandana Dharan and Suja Aarattuthodi},
  title = {Rivers’s Postulates Fulfilled for Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus},
  journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {80-84},
  doi = {10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.fem.20210703.12},
  abstract = {Blue catfish alloherpesvirus (BCAHV) is a strain of ictalurid herpesvirus-1 belonging to the family Alloherpesviridae. A detailed study on the pathogenesis of this virus revealed that it causes significant mortalities in blue catfish fingerlings and could be problematic with hybrid catfish production. The genome of BCAHV has 94% similarity with channel catfish virus (CCV) and these herpesviruses are a major threat to the hatchery and nursery phases of fish production. Even though, several studies have been caried out regarding the virulence, immune responses, and factors influencing infection, Rivers’s postulates have not been verified for BCAHV infection so far. Validation of Rivers’s postulates is essential to confirm virus as the causative agent of a disease. Testing and verification of Rivers’s postulates are also essential to decide on treatments or while establishing proactive management strategies. In the current study, we tested Rivers’s postulates to validate BCAHV as the etiologic agent of the infection in blue catfish fingerlings. The infected blue catfish tissues were processed, filtered, inoculated onto channel catfish ovary (CCO) cells, and virus-specific cytopathic effects were observed. The cell culture propagated-BCAHV produced comparable infection in naïve blue catfish when exposed via immersion and was reisolated from the infected fish. Specific immune responses against BCAHV were observed, when survivors from an initial virus exposure were challenged with wild type virus after 45 days. Here, Rivers’s postulates were satisfied for BCHAV infection in blue catfish proving BCAHV as the etiological agent of infection.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Rivers’s Postulates Fulfilled for Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus
AU - Vandana Dharan
AU - Suja Aarattuthodi
Y1 - 2021/11/24
PY - 2021
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12
DO - 10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12
T2 - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
JF - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
JO - Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology
SP - 80
EP - 84
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2469-8067
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12
AB - Blue catfish alloherpesvirus (BCAHV) is a strain of ictalurid herpesvirus-1 belonging to the family Alloherpesviridae. A detailed study on the pathogenesis of this virus revealed that it causes significant mortalities in blue catfish fingerlings and could be problematic with hybrid catfish production. The genome of BCAHV has 94% similarity with channel catfish virus (CCV) and these herpesviruses are a major threat to the hatchery and nursery phases of fish production. Even though, several studies have been caried out regarding the virulence, immune responses, and factors influencing infection, Rivers’s postulates have not been verified for BCAHV infection so far. Validation of Rivers’s postulates is essential to confirm virus as the causative agent of a disease. Testing and verification of Rivers’s postulates are also essential to decide on treatments or while establishing proactive management strategies. In the current study, we tested Rivers’s postulates to validate BCAHV as the etiologic agent of the infection in blue catfish fingerlings. The infected blue catfish tissues were processed, filtered, inoculated onto channel catfish ovary (CCO) cells, and virus-specific cytopathic effects were observed. The cell culture propagated-BCAHV produced comparable infection in naïve blue catfish when exposed via immersion and was reisolated from the infected fish. Specific immune responses against BCAHV were observed, when survivors from an initial virus exposure were challenged with wild type virus after 45 days. Here, Rivers’s postulates were satisfied for BCHAV infection in blue catfish proving BCAHV as the etiological agent of infection.
VL - 7
IS - 3
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Vandana Dharan

Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, USA
Suja Aarattuthodi

Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, USA

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Vandana Dharan, Suja Aarattuthodi. (2021). Rivers’s Postulates Fulfilled for Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 7(3), 80-84. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Vandana Dharan; Suja Aarattuthodi. Rivers’s Postulates Fulfilled for Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus. Front. Environ. Microbiol. 2021, 7(3), 80-84. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Vandana Dharan, Suja Aarattuthodi. Rivers’s Postulates Fulfilled for Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus. Front Environ Microbiol. 2021;7(3):80-84. doi: 10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12,
  author = {Vandana Dharan and Suja Aarattuthodi},
  title = {Rivers’s Postulates Fulfilled for Blue Catfish Alloherpesvirus},
  journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {80-84},
  doi = {10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20210703.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.fem.20210703.12},
  abstract = {Blue catfish alloherpesvirus (BCAHV) is a strain of ictalurid herpesvirus-1 belonging to the family Alloherpesviridae. A detailed study on the pathogenesis of this virus revealed that it causes significant mortalities in blue catfish fingerlings and could be problematic with hybrid catfish production. The genome of BCAHV has 94% similarity with channel catfish virus (CCV) and these herpesviruses are a major threat to the hatchery and nursery phases of fish production. Even though, several studies have been caried out regarding the virulence, immune responses, and factors influencing infection, Rivers’s postulates have not been verified for BCAHV infection so far. Validation of Rivers’s postulates is essential to confirm virus as the causative agent of a disease. Testing and verification of Rivers’s postulates are also essential to decide on treatments or while establishing proactive management strategies. In the current study, we tested Rivers’s postulates to validate BCAHV as the etiologic agent of the infection in blue catfish fingerlings. The infected blue catfish tissues were processed, filtered, inoculated onto channel catfish ovary (CCO) cells, and virus-specific cytopathic effects were observed. The cell culture propagated-BCAHV produced comparable infection in naïve blue catfish when exposed via immersion and was reisolated from the infected fish. Specific immune responses against BCAHV were observed, when survivors from an initial virus exposure were challenged with wild type virus after 45 days. Here, Rivers’s postulates were satisfied for BCHAV infection in blue catfish proving BCAHV as the etiological agent of infection.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download