This study investigates the position of the environmental Kuznets curve in 25 OECD countries for three pollutants (SO2, NO2 and CO) and analyses the impacts of Environmental Policy Stringency and energy consumption per capita on the environmental quality. Therefore, the originality of this paper lies in the attempt to better understand theoretically and empirically the specificities of the concept related to the environmental Kuznets curve. The study used a dynamic panel model with the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator and an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model with alternative panel estimators. We consider that the results of this paper are very interesting. The found results confirm that: i) firstly, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is well supported for all three major pollutant emissions in OECD. ii) Secondly, the positive effects of energy consumption on various pollutant emissions are confirmed. iii) Finally section analyses the Environmental Policy Stringency negatively effects the pollutant emissions. We consider that the results of this paper are very interesting, The policy instruments will help in realizing a balanced environment. Public authorities are encouraged to implement more and more of the regulatory instruments to protect the environmental quality.
| Published in | International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment (Volume 8, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijeee.20230801.11 |
| Page(s) | 1-11 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Environment Kuznets Curve, Envir1aonmental Policy Stringency, Energyj 7. Iik Consumption, ARDL, GMM, OECD, Dynamic Panel Model
| [1] | Asongu, S., El Montasser, G., & Toumi, H. (2016)."Testing the relationships between energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in 24 African countries: a panel ardl approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23 (7), 6563–6573. |
| [2] | Agras, J., Chapman, D., (1999). A dynamic approach to the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. Ecological Economics 28, 267–277. |
| [3] | Akbostancı E, Turut-Asik S, Tunc GI, (2009). The relationship between income and environment in Turkey: is there an environmental Kuznets curve? Energy Policy; 378: 861-7. |
| [4] | Alam, MJ, Begum IA, Buysse J, Huylenbroeck GV. (2012). Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth nexus in Bangladesh: cointégration and dynamic causality analysis. Energy Policy; 45: 217–25. |
| [5] | Al-mulali, U., Weng-Wai, C., Sheau-Ting, L., Mohammed, A. H., (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecol. Indic. 48, 315–323. |
| [6] | Ang J., (2007). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy; 35: 4772–8. |
| [7] | Ang, J., (2009). CO2 emissions, research and technology transfer in China. Ecol. Econ. 68 (10), 2658–2665. |
| [8] | Arellano, M., Bond, S., (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Rev. Econ. Stud. 58 (2), 277–297. |
| [9] | Arellano, M., Bover, O., (1995). Another look at the instrumental variables estimation of error-components models. J. Econ. 68 (1), 29–51. |
| [10] | Baek, J., Gweisah, G., (2013). Does income inequality harm the environment? Empirical evidence from the United States. Energy Policy 62, 1434–1437. |
| [11] | Bhattarai, M., Hammig, M., (2001). Institutions and the environmental Kuznets curve for deforestation: a cross country analysis for Latin America, Africa and Asia. World Dev. 29 (6), 995–1010. |
| [12] | Bai, Y., Deng, X., Gibson, J., Zhao, Z., &Xu, H. (2019). How does urbanization affect residential CO2 emissions? Analysis on urban agglomerations of china. Journal of Cleaner Production, 209, 876–885. |
| [13] | Belloumi, M. (2009). "Energy consumption and GDP in Tunisia: cointegration and causality analysis." Energy policy, 37 (7), 2745 –2753. |
| [14] | Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Ozturk, I."(2015). "The role of renewable energy consumption and trade: Environmental kuznets curve analysis for sub-Saharan Africa countries". African Development Review, 27 (3), 288–300. |
| [15] | Ben Jebli, M., & Hadhri, W. (2018). "The dynamic causal links between CO2 emissions from transport, real gdp, energy use and international tourism". International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 1–10. |
| [16] | Ben Mbarek, M., Saidi, K., & Amamri, M. (2018). The relationship between pollutant emissions, renewable energy, nuclear energy and gdp: empirical evidence from 18 developed and developing countries. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 37 (6), 597–615. |
| [17] | Cho, C. H., Chu, Y. P., Yang, H. Y., (2014). An environment Kuznets curve for GHG emissions: a panel cointégration analysis. Energy Sources PartB: Econ. Plan. Policy 9, 120–129. |
| [18] | Churchill, S. A., Ivanovski, K., & Bhattacharya, M. (2019). "The role of ethnic diversity in sustainable environmental growth: new evidence across different income regions". Applied Economics, 51 (4), 398–408. |
| [19] | Dijkgraaf, E., Vollebergh, H. R. J., (2001). A Note on Testing for Environmental Kuznets Curves with Panel Data. Available from: http:/www.feem.it/web/activ/_activ. html. |
| [20] | Duarte, R., Pinilla, V., & Serrano, A. (2013). Is there an environmental Kuznets curve for water use? A panel smooth transition regression approach. Economic Modelling, 38, 518-527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.12.010 |
| [21] | Dogan, E., & Aslan, A. (2017). "Exploring the relationship among CO2 emissions, real gdp, energy consumption and tourism in the EU and candidate countries: Evidence from panel models robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 239–245. |
| [22] | Dogan, E., & Seker, F. (2016a). "Determinants of CO2 emissions in the European Union: Therole of renewable and non-renewable energy". Renewable Energy, 94, 429–439. |
| [23] | Dogan, E., & Seker, F. (2016b). "The influence of real output, renewable and non-renewable energy, trade and financial development on carbon emissions in the top renewable energy countries". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1074–1085. |
| [24] | Dogan, E., & Turkekul, B. (2016). "CO2 emissions, real output, energy consumption, trade, urbanization and financial development: testing the ekc hypothesis for the usa". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23 (2), 1203–1213. |
| [25] | Farhani, S., Chaibi, A., Rault, C., (2014). CO2 emissions, output, energy consumption, and trade in Tunisia. Econ. Model. 38, 426–434. |
| [26] | Farzin, Y., Bond, C., (2006). Democracy and environmental quality. J. Dev. Econ. 81, 213–235. |
| [27] | Fodha M, Zaghdoud O. (2010). Economic growth and pollutant emissions in Tunisia: an empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve. Energy Policy 2010; 38: 1150–6. |
| [28] | Galeotti, M., Lanza, A., (1999). Richer and cleaner? A study on carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries. Energy Policy 27, 565–573. |
| [29] | Gangadharan L, Valenzuela MR., (2001). Interrelationships between income, health and the environment: extending the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. EcolEcon; 36: 513–31. |
| [30] | Georgiev, E., & Mihaylov, E. (2015). Economic growth and the environment: reassessing the environmental Kuznets Curve for air pollution emissions in OECD countries. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 8, www.ccsenet.org/jsd Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 8, No. 8; 2015 211 29-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12076-014-0114-2 |
| [31] | Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement. In NBER (Ed.), Working paper 3914. |
| [32] | Halicioglu F., (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy; 37: 1156–64. |
| [33] | Hansen, L., (1982). Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators. Econometrica 50 (3), 1029–1054. |
| [34] | He J, Richard P., (2010). Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 in Canada. Ecol Econ; 69: 1083–93. |
| [35] | Issaoui, F., & Abdelghaffar, M. B. (2018). "Institutionalizing inclusive markets as aprerequisite to inclusive growth". International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Health care, Culture, and the Environment (IJPPPHCE), 2 (2), 63–71. |
| [36] | Issaoui, F., Toumi, H., & Touili, W. (2015). "The effects of carbon dioxide emissions on economic growth, urbanization, and welfare". The Journal of Energy and Development, 41 (1/2), 223–252. |
| [37] | Issaoui, F., Toumi, H., Touili, W., & Ammouri, B. (2016). "The dynamic effects of time, health, and well-being on pollution: A post-johannesburg earth summit assessment". The Journal of Energy and Development, 4 2 (1/2), 123–146. |
| [38] | Iwata, H., Okada, K., Samreth, S., (2011). A note on the Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2: a pooled mean group approach. Applied Energy 88, 1986 –1996. |
| [39] | Jalil, A., Mahmud, S., 2009. Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a cointegration analysis for China. Energy Policy 37, 5167–5172. |
| [40] | Jayantha kumaran, K., Verma, R., Liu, Y., (2012). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, trade and income: a comparative analysis of China and India. Energy Policy 42, 450–460. |
| [41] | Jammazi, R., & Aloui, C. (2015). "On the interplay between energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emission nexus in the GCC countries: A comparative analysis through wavelet approaches". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 1737–1751. |
| [42] | Jebli, M. B. (2016)." On the causal links between health indicator, output, combustible renewables and waste consumption, rail transport, and CO2 emissions: the case of Tunisia". Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23 (16), 16699–16715. |
| [43] | Jebli, M. B., & Belloumi, M. (2017). "Investigation of the causal relationships between combustible renewables and waste consumption and CO2 emissions in the case of tunisian maritime and rail transport". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, 820–829. |
| [44] | Jebli, M. B., & Youssef, S. B. (2017). "The role of renewable energy and agriculture in reducing CO2 emissions: Evidence for North Africa countries". Ecological indicators, 74, 295–301. |
| [45] | Jeblia, MB, Youssef SB, Ozturkc I (2016). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries. Ecological Indicators Volume 60, Pages 824–831. |
| [46] | Kaika, D., Zervas, E., (2013). The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory — Part A: concept, causes and the CO2 emissions case. Energy Policy 62, 1392–1402. |
| [47] | Kanjilal, K., & Ghosh, S. (2013). Environmental Kuznet’s curve for India: Evidence from tests for cointegration with unknown structural breaks. Energy Policy, 56, 509-515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.01.015 |
| [48] | Karp LS, Liu X., (1999). Valuing tradable CO2 permits for OECD Countries. Available at SSRN 1999 200148. |
| [49] | Kris Aaron Beck, Prathibha Joshi (2015). An analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve for carbon dioxide emissions: evidence for OECD and non-OECD countries. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 4, 3, 33-45. |
| [50] | Kunnas, J., Myllyntaus, T., (2007). The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis and air pollution in Finland. Scandinavian Economic History Review 55 (2), 101–127. |
| [51] | Lean HH, Smyth R., (2010). CO2 emissions, electricity consumption and output in ASEAN. Applied Energy; 87: 1858–64. |
| [52] | Martínez-Zarzoso, I., Bengochea-Morancho, A., (2004). Pooled mean group estimation of an environmental Kuznets curve for CO2. Econ. Lett. 82, 121–126. |
| [53] | Mongelli, I., Tassielli, G., Notarnicola, B., (2006). Global warming agreements, international trade and energy/carbon embodiments: an input-output approach to the Italian case. Energy Policy 34, 88–100. |
| [54] | Narayan, P-K., Narayan, S., (2010). Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: panel data evidence from developing countries. Energy Policy 38, 661–666. |
| [55] | Nasir, M., Rehman, F., (2011). Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: an empirical investigation. Energy Policy 39, 1857–1864. |
| [56] | Ozturk, I., Acaravci, A.,(2013. The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Econ. 36, 262–267. |
| [57] | Ozturk, I., Al-Mulali, U., (2015). Investigating the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Cambodia. Ecological Indicators 57, 324 –330. |
| [58] | Odhiambo, N. M. (2017). "CO2 emissions and economic growth in sub-saharan african countries: A panel data analysis". International Area Studies Review, 20 (3), 264–272. |
| [59] | Pao, H.-T., & Chen, C.-C. (2019). "Decoupling strategies: CO2 emissions, energy resources, and economic growth in the group of twenty". Journal of Cleaner Production, 206, 907-919. |
| [60] | Pedroni, P. (1995), “Panel cointegration, asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis”, Working Paper in Economics, 92-013, Indiana University. 31. |
| [61] | Pedroni, P. (1997), “Panel cointegration, asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis: new results”, Working Paper in Economics, Indiana University. |
| [62] | Pedroni, P. (1999), “Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogenous panels with multiple regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, S1, 61, pp. 653-670. |
| [63] | Pedroni, P. (2004), “Panel cointegration. Asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis”, Econometric Theory, 20 (3), pp. 597-625. |
| [64] | Pesaran, M., Shin, Y., Smith, R., (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 94 (446), 621–634. |
| [65] | Qu, B., Zhang, Y., (2011). Effect of income distribution on the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Pac. Econ. Rev. 16, 349–370. |
| [66] | Roodman, D., (2009). A note on the theme of too many instruments. Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat. 71, 135–158. |
| [67] | Salahuddin, M., Alam, K., Ozturk, I., & Sohag, K. (2018). "The effects of electricity consumption, economic growth, financial development and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Kuwait". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 2002–2010. |
| [68] | Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Leitão, N. C. (2013). "Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in indonesia". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109–121. |
| [69] | Shahbaz, M., Tiwari, A. K., & Nasir, M. (2013). "The effects of financial development, economic growth, coal consumption and trade openness on CO2 emissions in South Africa". Energy Policy, 61, 1452–1459. |
| [70] | Shafik, N., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time Series and Crosscountry Evidence. Background Paper for the World Development Report 1992. Washington, |
| [71] | Shahbaz M, Mutascu M, Azim P., (2013). Environmental Kuznets curve in Romania and the role of energy consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews; 18: 165–173. |
| [72] | Shiyi C., (2009). Energy consumption, CO2 emission and sustainable development in Chinese industry. Economic Research Journal; 4: 1–5. |
| [73] | Tiwari, A. K., Bhanja, N., Dar, A. B., & Islam, F. (2015). "Time–frequency relationship between share prices and exchange rates in india: Evidence from continuous wavelets". Empirical Economics, 48 (2), 699–714. |
| [74] | Tiwari, A. K., Shahbaz, M., & Hye, Q. M. A. (2013). "The environmental kuznet scurve and the role of coal consumption in india: cointegration and causality analysis in an open economy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 519–527. |
| [75] | Tamazian, A., Chousa, J. P., Vadlamannati, K. C., (2009). Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy 37 (1), 246–253. |
| [76] | Tingting Li, Yong Wang, Dingtao Zhao (2016). Environmental Kuznets Curve in China: New evidence from dynamic panel analysis. Energy Policy 91 (2016) 138–147. |
| [77] | Torras, M., Boyce, J. K., (1998). Income, inequality, and pollution: a reassessment of the environmental Kuznets Curve. Ecological Economics 25, 147–160. |
| [78] | Wang K-M., (2012). The relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: quintile panel-type analysis. Quality and Quantity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9594-y. |
| [79] | Wang, S., Zhou, D., Zhou, P., Wang, Q., (2011). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China: a panel data analysis. Energy Policy 39, 4870–4875. |
| [80] | Yang, H., He, J., & Chen, S. (2015). The fragility of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Revisiting the hypothesis with Chinese data via an “Extreme Bound Analysis”, Ecological Economics, 109, 41-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.10.023 |
| [81] | Wang, S., Li, G., & Fang, C. (2018). "Urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions: Empirical evidence from countries with different income levels". Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews, 81, 2144–2159. |
| [82] | Zeb, R., Salar, L., Awan, U., Zaman, K., & Shahbaz, M. (2014). "Causal links between renewable energy, environmental degradation and economic growth in selected saarc countries: progress towards green economy". Renewable Energy, 71, 123–132. |
APA Style
Asma Sghaier, Zouhayer Mighri. (2023). Revisiting Environmental Kuznets Curves for NO2, SO2 and CO: Evidence from OECD Countries. International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment, 8(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeee.20230801.11
ACS Style
Asma Sghaier; Zouhayer Mighri. Revisiting Environmental Kuznets Curves for NO2, SO2 and CO: Evidence from OECD Countries. Int. J. Econ. Energy Environ. 2023, 8(1), 1-11. doi: 10.11648/j.ijeee.20230801.11
AMA Style
Asma Sghaier, Zouhayer Mighri. Revisiting Environmental Kuznets Curves for NO2, SO2 and CO: Evidence from OECD Countries. Int J Econ Energy Environ. 2023;8(1):1-11. doi: 10.11648/j.ijeee.20230801.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijeee.20230801.11,
author = {Asma Sghaier and Zouhayer Mighri},
title = {Revisiting Environmental Kuznets Curves for NO2, SO2 and CO: Evidence from OECD Countries},
journal = {International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {1-11},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijeee.20230801.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeee.20230801.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijeee.20230801.11},
abstract = {This study investigates the position of the environmental Kuznets curve in 25 OECD countries for three pollutants (SO2, NO2 and CO) and analyses the impacts of Environmental Policy Stringency and energy consumption per capita on the environmental quality. Therefore, the originality of this paper lies in the attempt to better understand theoretically and empirically the specificities of the concept related to the environmental Kuznets curve. The study used a dynamic panel model with the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator and an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model with alternative panel estimators. We consider that the results of this paper are very interesting. The found results confirm that: i) firstly, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is well supported for all three major pollutant emissions in OECD. ii) Secondly, the positive effects of energy consumption on various pollutant emissions are confirmed. iii) Finally section analyses the Environmental Policy Stringency negatively effects the pollutant emissions. We consider that the results of this paper are very interesting, The policy instruments will help in realizing a balanced environment. Public authorities are encouraged to implement more and more of the regulatory instruments to protect the environmental quality.},
year = {2023}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Revisiting Environmental Kuznets Curves for NO2, SO2 and CO: Evidence from OECD Countries AU - Asma Sghaier AU - Zouhayer Mighri Y1 - 2023/02/27 PY - 2023 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeee.20230801.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ijeee.20230801.11 T2 - International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment JF - International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment JO - International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-5021 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeee.20230801.11 AB - This study investigates the position of the environmental Kuznets curve in 25 OECD countries for three pollutants (SO2, NO2 and CO) and analyses the impacts of Environmental Policy Stringency and energy consumption per capita on the environmental quality. Therefore, the originality of this paper lies in the attempt to better understand theoretically and empirically the specificities of the concept related to the environmental Kuznets curve. The study used a dynamic panel model with the system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator and an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model with alternative panel estimators. We consider that the results of this paper are very interesting. The found results confirm that: i) firstly, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is well supported for all three major pollutant emissions in OECD. ii) Secondly, the positive effects of energy consumption on various pollutant emissions are confirmed. iii) Finally section analyses the Environmental Policy Stringency negatively effects the pollutant emissions. We consider that the results of this paper are very interesting, The policy instruments will help in realizing a balanced environment. Public authorities are encouraged to implement more and more of the regulatory instruments to protect the environmental quality. VL - 8 IS - 1 ER -
Information
Email: