In this contribution, we intend to review the way in which personality is typified and represented through the centuries in arts, literature, and science. The scope ranges from primitive paintings in the Middle Ages to reports made by means of questionnaires developed by psychological scientists. During the centuries, the leadership temperament has been shifted from the choleric toward the sanguine temperament. The resulting extraverted character and personality have come into the picture and thus, have raised new problems for explication and interpretation. Further, there is a remarkable similarity between the medieval representation of the four temperaments and trait dimensions in recent neurophysiological and biological research. In contrast, the questionnaires show a stepwise development of increasing negligence of elements of the impulsive personality, or, in medieval terms, the choleric temperament. This tendency in mainstream personality test design is criticized by some researchers. In this article, we suggest that this development is caused by a romantic hankering after an ideal of leadership. There is a symbolic layer in the verbal reasoning through which the steps to impulsivity-free personality representations have been made. Surprisingly, this tendency is absent in a personality representation derived from adjectives in the English language. Finally, we raise the question of whether it is sensible to shut our eyes for the presence of the choleric temperament in our contemporary society.
| Published in | International Journal of Literature and Arts (Volume 9, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijla.20210902.15 |
| Page(s) | 79-93 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Leadership Romanticism, Heroism, Temperaments in Arts, Personality Research, Individual Differences, Impulsivity, Extraversion
| [1] | Boerree, G. C. (2006). Hans Eysenck [1916 - 1997] and other Temperament Theorists. http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/perscontents.html: Psychology Department/Schippensburg University. |
| [2] | Rothbart, M. K. (2012). Advances in Temperament: History, Concepts, and Measures. In M. Zetner, & R. L. Shiner, Handbook of Temperament (pp. 3-20). New York: Guilford. |
| [3] | Kalachanis, K., & Michailidis, I. E. (2015). The Hippocratic View on Humors and Human Temperament. European Journal of Social Behaviour 2 (2): 1-5. |
| [4] | Winter, D. G., John, O. P., Stewart, A. J., Klohnen, E. C., & Duncan, L. E. (1998). Traits and Motives: Toward an Integration of Two Traditions in Personality Research. Psychological Review, 105 (2): 230-250. |
| [5] | Brittannica, The editors of the Encyclodeadia. (2021). Humour. Retrieved on February 19, 2021, van Ecnyclopaedia: https://www.britannica.com/science/humor-ancient-physiology. Accessed 19 February 2021. |
| [6] | Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The Biological Basis of Personality. Springfiled IL: Charles C. Thomas. |
| [7] | Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion. Behavioral Research & Therapy, 8: 249-266. |
| [8] | Block, J. (1995). A Contrarian View of the Five-Factor Approach to Personality Description. Psychological Bulletin, 117 (2): 187-215. |
| [9] | Edriss, H., Rosales, B. N., Nugent, C., Conrad, C., & Nugent, K. (2017). Islamic Medicine in the Middle Ages. The History of Medicine: 223-229. |
| [10] | Commons Wikimedia (2021 April 5th). Ret https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_representing_one_of_the_four_temperaments._Wellcome_L0003189.jpg. |
| [11] | Verhoeven, C., & Stufkens, P. J. (2017). Maelwael en de Gebroeders van Limburg, Grondleggers van de Nederlandse schilderkunst [Maelwael and the Brothers of Limburg, Founders of the Dutch painting arts]. Nijmegen: Vantilt. |
| [12] | Raat, M. (2019). Grote Pier (ca. 1480-1520) Een samenvatting van feiten, fictie en beeldvorming omtrent Frieslands bekendste volksheld. [A summary of facts, fiction, and image building on Frisia’s most known people’s hero]. Historisch Tijdschrift Groniek, 218, 33-47. |
| [13] | De Mik, K. (2021, January 4th). Grutte Pier: Friese volksheld of ordinaire kaper? [Grutte Pier, Fisian people’s hero or an ordinary pirate]. Trouw. |
| [14] | Kalma, J. J. (1970). Grote Pier van Kimswerd [Big Pete of Kimswerd. Disseration]. Leeuwarden: De Tille. |
| [15] | Smit, P. (2018, November 19th). Zwarte Piet is wat de Hollanders gemaakt hebben van de Friese held Grutte Pier [Black Pete is what people of Holland have made of the Frisian hero Big Pete]. Trouw. |
| [16] | Zeilmaker, M. (2013). Willem II van der Marck, Vrijheer van Lumey: De vergeten admiraal van de Watergeuzen. [Willem II van der Marck, Free Lord of Lumey: The forgotten admiral of the Water Geuzen. Dissertation]. Leiden: University of Leiden. |
| [17] | Oosterhuis, T. (1996). Lumey de Vossenstaart, Admiraal van de Geuzen [Lumey, the foxtail, admiral of the Geuzen]. Amsterdam. |
| [18] | Lagay, F. (2002, July). The history of humoral medicine. Opgeroepen op February 19, 2021, van History of Medicine. |
| [19] | Veroff, J., & Veroff, H. B. (1980). Social Incentives: a Life-span developmental approach. New York: Academic Press. |
| [20] | Rousseau, J.-J. (1762). Emile, ou de l’éducation. [Emile or on Education]. Geneve. |
| [21] | Cherpack, C. (1988). Narration and Meaning in Rousseau's Emile. French Forum, 13 (1): 17-30. |
| [22] | Black, J. S. (2021), The Very Pictures of Education: On Rousseau’s Illustrations in Emile. Opgeroepen op February 19, 2021, van www.adademia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/3875573/The_Very_Pictures_of_Education_On_the_Illustrations_in_Rousseaus_Emile. |
| [23] | Collinson, D., Jones, O. S., & Grint, K. (2018). 'No more Heroes': Critical Perspectives on Leadership romanticism. Organisation Studies, 39 (11): 1629 from 1625-1647. |
| [24] | Meindl, J. R., Ehrlich, S. B., & Dukerich, J. M. (1985). The Romance of Leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30 (1): 78-102. |
| [25] | Chatterjee, A., & Hambrick, D. C. (2007). It's all about me: Narcissistic chief executive officers and their effects on company strategy and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly Vol 52 (3): 351-386. |
| [26] | Patterson, C. M., & Newman, J. P. (1993). Reflectivity and Learning From Aversive Events: Toward a Psychological Mechanism for the Syndromes of Disinhibition. Psychological Review, 100 (4): 716-736. |
| [27] | Ferber, M. (2010). Romanticism: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press: London. |
| [28] | Ferber, M. (2005). A Companion to European romanticism. London: Blackwell Publishing. |
| [29] | Löwy, M., & Sayre, R. (2001). Romanticism: Against the Tide of Modernism (translated by Catharine Potter). Durham: Duke University Press. |
| [30] | McKusick, J. C. (2005). Nature. In M. Ferber, A Companion to European Romanticism. London: Blackwell Publishing: 413-432. |
| [31] | Hall, J. (1979). Dictionary of subjects and symbols in art. London: Murray. |
| [32] | Baumgartner, A. (1978). Neuer Koncert Führer: Orchesterwerke, Kammermusiek, Vocalwerke, Von der Gregorianiek bis zur Avantgarde [New Concert Guide: Orchestral Works, Chamber music, Vocal music, From Gregorian chant to Avantgarde]. Vienna: Prisma Verlag: 463. |
| [33] | EMI Records Limited (1975). Carl Nielsen’s complete Symphonies. Nielsen’s autobiographic notes, cited on record cover. |
| [34] | Ong, C. K. (2011). A Historical Overview and Analysis of the Use of Hungarian Folk Music in Zoltán Kodály’s Háry-János- Suite, Dances of Marosszék, and Dances of Galánta. University of Kansas. |
| [35] | Dalos, A. (2018). Kodály’s ideal Kingdom: The Transdormations of singspiel János Háry. Retrieved on March 4, 2021, http://real.mtak.hu/79941/1/11_Dalos_H%C3%A1ry_2018.pdf. |
| [36] | Goldberg, L. R., & Rosolack, T. K. (1994). The Big Five Factor Structure: as an Integrative Framework: An Empirical Comparison with Eysenck's P-E-N Model. In C. F. Halverson Jr., G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin, The Developing Structure of Temperament and Personality from Infancy to Adulthood. New York: Psychology Press: 7-36. |
| [37] | Pierro, A., Cicero, L., Bonaiuto, M., van Knippenberg, D., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2005). Leader group prototypicality and leadership effectiveness: The moderating role of need for cognitive closure. The Leadership Quarterly, 16: 503-516. |
| [38] | Padilla, A., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2007). The toxic triangle: Destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments. The Leadership Quarterly 18: 176-194. |
| [39] | Parker, L. (1992). "Pure Woman" and Tragic Heroine? Conflicting Myth's in Thomas Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles. Studies in the Novel, 24 (3): 273 from 273-281. |
| [40] | Alvarez, A. (1978). Introduction by A. Alvarez. In T. Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles. London: Penguin: 11-23 |
| [41] | Lovesey, O. (2003). Deconstructing Tess. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Autumn, 2003, 43 (4): 913-938. |
| [42] | Hardy, T. (1978). Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman ((version Edited by D. Skilton). London: Pengui. |
| [43] | Van Ghent, D. (1953). The English Novel: Form and Function. Reinhart & Winston: Holt. |
| [44] | Kowalchuk, K. (1985). Symbolic Imagery in Four Novel by Thomas Hardy. McMatser: 91-93. |
| [45] | Matthews, G., & Gilliland, K. (1999). The personality theories of H. J. Eysenck and J. A. Gray:: A Comparative Review. Personality and Individual Difference, 26: 617 from 583-626. |
| [46] | Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: An evolutionary–developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 287 from: 271-301. |
| [47] | Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of. Psychological Review, 66 (3): 183-201. |
| [48] | Sinha, N., Manohar, S., & Husain, M. (2013). Impulsivity and apathy in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neuropsychology, 7: 255-283. |
| [49] | Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67: 319 from 319.333. |
| [50] | Humphreys, M. S., & Revelle, W. (1984). Personality, Motivation, and Performance: A Theory of the Relationship Between Individual Differences and Information Processing. Psychological Review, 91 (2): 170 from 153-183. |
| [51] | Hough, L. M. (1992). The `Big Five`Personality Variables - Construct Confusion. Description versus Prediction. Human Performance, 5 (1_2), 139-155. |
| [52] | Eysenck, H. J. (1992). Four ways five factors are not basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 6: 667-673. |
| [53] | Eysenck, H. J. (1994). The Big Five or the Giant Three: Criteria for a Paradigm. In C. F. Halverson, G. A. Kohnstamm, & R. P. Martin, The Developing Structure of Temperament and Personality from Infancy to Adulthood. New York: Psychology Press: 37-52. |
| [54] | Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and Individual Differences: A Natural Science Approach. New York: Plenmu Press. |
| [55] | Whiteside, S. P., & Lynam, D. R. (2001). The Five Factor Model and impulsivity: using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences: 669-689. |
| [56] | Gray, J. A. (1981). A critique of Eysenck's theory of personality. In H. J. Eysenck, A Model for Personality (pp. 146-176). Berlin: Springer Verlag: 146-176. |
| [57] | El-Zahhar, N., & Hocevar, D. (1984). Anxiety, Arousability and Neuroticism. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED247516.pdf: EDRS. |
| [58] | Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13 (6): 653-665. |
| [59] | Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent Personality Factors Based on Trait Ratings. Arlington, VA: Armed Services Technical Information Agency. |
| [60] | Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. In L. Wheeler, Review of personality and social psychology. 2 (pp. 141-165`). Beverly Hills: Sage. |
| [61] | Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The Development of Markers for the Big-Five Factor Structure. Psychological Assessment, 4 (1): 26-42. |
| [62] | Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The Structure of Phenotypic Personality Traits. American Psychologist, 48 (1): 26-34. |
| [63] | Block, J. (2010). The Five-Factor Framing of Personality and Beyond: Some Ruminations. Psychological Inquiiy, 21: 2-25. |
| [64] | Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1995). Solid ground in the wetlands of personality: A reply to Block. Psychological Bulletin, 117 (2): 216-220. |
| [65] | Block, J. (1995b). Going Beyond the Five Factors Given: Rejoinder to Costa and McCrae (1995) and Goldberg and Saucier (1995). Psychological Bulletin, 117 (2): 226-229. |
| [66] | Zinbarg, R., & Revelle, W. (1989). Personality and Conditioning: A Test of Four Models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57 (2): 301-314. |
| [67] | De Young, C. G. (2006). Higher-Order Factors of the Big Five in a Multi-Informant Sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91 (6): 1138-1151. |
| [68] | For a popularized account see: Eske, J., & Moawad, H. (2019, August 19). Dopamine and serotonin: Brain chemicals explained. Retrieved on March 15, 2019, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326090. |
| [69] | Crowe, M., Andel, R., Pedersen, N. L., Fratgilioni, L., & Gatz, M. (2006). Personality and Risk of Cognitive Impairment 25 Years Later. Psychology and Aging, 25) 3', 573-580. |
| [70] | Kuhl, J. (2018). Individual Differences in Self-Regulation. In J. Heckhausen, & H. Heckhausen, Motivation and Actions (third edition). New York: Springer: 529-573. |
| [71] | Welsh, D. T., & Ordóñez, L. D. (2014). The dark side of consecutive high performance goals: Linking goal. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 123: 79-89. |
APA Style
Hendrik Marten Koolma, Adila van Dreven. (2021). Representation of the Impulsive Temperament in Arts, Literature and Science: From the Middle Ages to the Present. International Journal of Literature and Arts, 9(2), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijla.20210902.15
ACS Style
Hendrik Marten Koolma; Adila van Dreven. Representation of the Impulsive Temperament in Arts, Literature and Science: From the Middle Ages to the Present. Int. J. Lit. Arts 2021, 9(2), 79-93. doi: 10.11648/j.ijla.20210902.15
AMA Style
Hendrik Marten Koolma, Adila van Dreven. Representation of the Impulsive Temperament in Arts, Literature and Science: From the Middle Ages to the Present. Int J Lit Arts. 2021;9(2):79-93. doi: 10.11648/j.ijla.20210902.15
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijla.20210902.15,
author = {Hendrik Marten Koolma and Adila van Dreven},
title = {Representation of the Impulsive Temperament in Arts, Literature and Science: From the Middle Ages to the Present},
journal = {International Journal of Literature and Arts},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {79-93},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijla.20210902.15},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijla.20210902.15},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijla.20210902.15},
abstract = {In this contribution, we intend to review the way in which personality is typified and represented through the centuries in arts, literature, and science. The scope ranges from primitive paintings in the Middle Ages to reports made by means of questionnaires developed by psychological scientists. During the centuries, the leadership temperament has been shifted from the choleric toward the sanguine temperament. The resulting extraverted character and personality have come into the picture and thus, have raised new problems for explication and interpretation. Further, there is a remarkable similarity between the medieval representation of the four temperaments and trait dimensions in recent neurophysiological and biological research. In contrast, the questionnaires show a stepwise development of increasing negligence of elements of the impulsive personality, or, in medieval terms, the choleric temperament. This tendency in mainstream personality test design is criticized by some researchers. In this article, we suggest that this development is caused by a romantic hankering after an ideal of leadership. There is a symbolic layer in the verbal reasoning through which the steps to impulsivity-free personality representations have been made. Surprisingly, this tendency is absent in a personality representation derived from adjectives in the English language. Finally, we raise the question of whether it is sensible to shut our eyes for the presence of the choleric temperament in our contemporary society.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Representation of the Impulsive Temperament in Arts, Literature and Science: From the Middle Ages to the Present AU - Hendrik Marten Koolma AU - Adila van Dreven Y1 - 2021/04/16 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijla.20210902.15 DO - 10.11648/j.ijla.20210902.15 T2 - International Journal of Literature and Arts JF - International Journal of Literature and Arts JO - International Journal of Literature and Arts SP - 79 EP - 93 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2331-057X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijla.20210902.15 AB - In this contribution, we intend to review the way in which personality is typified and represented through the centuries in arts, literature, and science. The scope ranges from primitive paintings in the Middle Ages to reports made by means of questionnaires developed by psychological scientists. During the centuries, the leadership temperament has been shifted from the choleric toward the sanguine temperament. The resulting extraverted character and personality have come into the picture and thus, have raised new problems for explication and interpretation. Further, there is a remarkable similarity between the medieval representation of the four temperaments and trait dimensions in recent neurophysiological and biological research. In contrast, the questionnaires show a stepwise development of increasing negligence of elements of the impulsive personality, or, in medieval terms, the choleric temperament. This tendency in mainstream personality test design is criticized by some researchers. In this article, we suggest that this development is caused by a romantic hankering after an ideal of leadership. There is a symbolic layer in the verbal reasoning through which the steps to impulsivity-free personality representations have been made. Surprisingly, this tendency is absent in a personality representation derived from adjectives in the English language. Finally, we raise the question of whether it is sensible to shut our eyes for the presence of the choleric temperament in our contemporary society. VL - 9 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: