Physical Approach to Biology

Tetsuya Watanabe  © by the authors

ISBN: 978-1-940366-68-5
Published Date: September, 2016
Pages: 374
Paperback: $130
E-book: $39
Publisher: Science Publishing Group
To purchase hard copies of this book, please email: book@sciencepublishinggroup.com
Book Description

Chemical process proceeds toward the state of lowered Gibbs energy usually accompanied by increasing randomness. If outer most electrons of atoms interact, they will form bonding only when their molecular orbitals become in lower energy state. The quantum theory is applied to chemistry to explain chemical bonding and reactions. Experimental approach to biology has demonstrated that functions of living cells are regulated by charged or polar signaling small molecules called ligands. On the other hand physical approach explains the selective permeability of membrane which causes osmosis and the membrane potential. In the nucleus of the cell there are chromosomes made by DNA. The genetic code on DNA is carried out by m-RNA which provides the basic instructions for production of proteins in the cytoplasm. Because enzymes are proteins, their activity might be changed if the code marked on DNA is changed by mutation that could cause diseases.

Author Introduction

Dr. Tetsuya Watanabe, the author of this book, is a President of Watanabe Institute of Mathematical Biology, Hamamatsu, Japan. He graduated from Kanagawa Dental College, Japan and holds a DDS degree in dental medicine. He received Postgraduate Training and Fellowship Appointments and successively Faculty Appointments of Instructor and Associate at Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. He was an Assistant Professor, Dept. of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Pennsylvania from 1977 to 1980.

Table of Contents
  • The Whole Book

  • Front Matter

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  • Chapter 1 Boltzmann Probability Distribution and Entropy

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    1. 1.1 Introduction
    2. 1.2 Finding the Boltzmann Probability Distribution
    3. 1.3 Interacting System
    4. 1.4 Partition Functions and Degeneracy
    5. 1.5 Translational Distribution of Gasses
    6. 1.6 Changes in Energy and Enthalpy in Relation to Changes in States of the System
    7. 1.6.1 Internal Energy as a State Function
    8. 1.6.2 Joule Free Expansion of Gasses
    9. 1.6.3 Enthalpy as a State Function
    10. 1.7 Changes in Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy
    11. 1.7.1 Entropy as a State Function
    12. 1.7.2 Spontaneous Changes
    13. 1.8 Definition of Entropy
    14. 1.9 Entropy Expressed by Partition Function
    15. 1.10 Entropy as the Function of Microstates and Probability of Finding a Particular Microstate of a Molecule
    16. 1.11 Separation of Partition Functions
    17. 1.12 Application to Monatomic Gas with Translational Energy
    18. 1.13 Calculation of Entropy Change Microscopically
    19. 1.13.1 Free Expansion of a Gas
    20. 1.13.2 Ideal Gas Mixture
    21. 1.13.3 Ideal Liquid Mixture
    22. 1.14 Double-stranded Polymer Model
    23. 1.15 Activation Energy
  • Chapter 2 Beginning of Quantum Mechanics

    1. 2.1 The Classical Wave Equation
    2. 2.2 Standing Waves
    3. 2.3 Travelling Wave
    4. 2.4 The Standing Wave as the Result of a Superposition of Two Traveling Waves
    5. 2.5 Superposition of Two Travelling Waves of Slightly Different Wave Length
    6. 2.6 Light as a Wave
    7. 2.7 Discovery of Electron
    8. 2.8 Blackbody Radiation
    9. 2.9 Photoelectric Effect Suggesting Light as a Particle
    10. 2.10 Light as a Particle Supported by Compton Effect
    11. 2.11 Figuring a Model of an Atom
    12. 2.12 Discovery of X-ray and Application for Structural Analysis of Solids
    13. 2.12.1 X-ray Spectra
    14. 2.12.2 X-ray Diffraction and Structural Analysis of Cubic Crystal Systems
    15. 2.13 Packing Density of Cubic Crystals
    16. 2.14 Wavelike Properties of Electrons
  • Chapter 3 Quantum Mechanics of Electrons and Diatomic Molecules

    1. 3.1 Wavelike Property of Particles
    2. 3.2 Derivation of Time Independent Schrodinger Equation
    3. 3.3 Classical Mechanical Quantities Represented by Linear Operators
    4. 3.4 Translational Motion of a Particle in a One-dimensional Box
    5. 3.5 Probability Amplitude and Probability Density
    6. 3.6 The Expected Value of Momentum of a Particle in a Box
    7. 3.7 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
    8. 3.8 Three-dimensional Systems
    9. 3.9 Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box
    10. 3.10 A Harmonic Oscillator as the Model of a Diatomic Molecule
    11. 3.11 Approximation of a Diatomic Molecule as a Harmonic Oscillator About Its Minimum of the Internuclear Potential
    12. 3.12 Solution of the Quantum Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator
    13. 3.13 Quantum Mechanical Operators
    14. 3.14 The Commutators of Two Operators
    15. 3.15 Operator Method Solution of a Harmonic Oscillator
    16. 3.16 Spectroscopic Predictions of a Diatomic Molecule
    17. 3.17 Vibrational Heat Capacity of a Diatomic Molecule
    18. 3.18 The Rigid Rotator as a Model of Rotating Diatomic Molecule
    19. 3.19 Angular Momentum Operator
    20. 3.20 Determination of the Eigenvalues of L2 and Lz
    21. 3.21 Vector Analysis
    22. 3.21.1 Product Rules
    23. 3.21.2 Spherical Polar Coordinates
    24. 3.21.3 Displacement by Extension and Rotation
    25. 3.22 Solving Schrodinger Equation of a Rigid Rotator
    26. 3.23 Spectroscopic Determination of a Diatomic Molecule
  • Chapter 4 Hydrogen Atom

    1. 4.1 The Schrodinger Equation for a Hydrogen Atom
    2. 4.2 Solution of the Radial Equation
    3. 4.3 Wave Functions of the Hydrogen Atom
    4. 4.4 Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen Atom
    5. 4.5 Photon Emission
    6. 4.6 Radial Distribution Function of Hydrogen Atom
    7. 4.7 Probability Distribution Accompanied by Angular Momentum
    8. 4.8 Magnetic Field Effect
    9. 4.9 Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach Experiment
    10. 4.10 Intrinsic Spin Angular Momentum of an Electron
    11. 4.11 Pauli Exclusion Principle
  • Chapter 5 Multi-electron Atoms and Chemical Bonding

    1. 5.1 Characteristic Properties of Multi-electron Atoms
    2. 5.2 Shielding and Effective Atomic Number of He Atom
    3. 5.3 Comparison of Orbital Energy, E2s, E2p, E3s, E3p or E3d
    4. 5.4 Electron Configurations and Valence Electrons
    5. 5.5 Photoelectron Spectroscopy
    6. 5.6 Periodic Table of Elements
    7. 5.7 Chemical Bonding
    8. 5.7.1 Ionic Bond
    9. 5.7.2 Covalent Bond
    10. 5.7.3 Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bond
    11. 5.7.4 Hydrogen Bond
    12. 5.7.5 London Dispersion Forces
    13. 5.7.6 Van der Waals Forces
    14. 5.8 Shapes of Molecules
    15. 5.8.1 Bonding Electrons and Lone-pair Electrons
    16. 5.8.2 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion(VSEPR) Theory
    17. 5.9 Free Radicals in Life, Oxygen Radicals and Nitric Oxide
  • Chapter 6 Molecular Orbital Theory and Its Application to Biochemistry

    1. 6.1 Molecular Orbital Formed by Linear Combination of s-Orbitals
    2. 6.2 Molecular Orbitals Originating from p-Orbitals
    3. 6.3 Molecular Orbital Diagram and Electron Configuration
    4. 6.4 Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism
    5. 6.5 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
    6. 6.5.1 sp3 Hybridization
    7. 6.5.2 sp2 hybridization
    8. 6.5.3 sp Hybridization
    9. 6.6 Resonance Structures
    10. 6.7 Proteins
    11. 6.7.1 Secondary Structure of Proteins
    12. 6.7.2 Tertiary Structure of Proteins
    13. 6.7.3 Quaternary Structure of Proteins
    14. 6.8 Lipids
    15. 6.8.1 Fats and Oils
    16. 6.8.2 Phospholipids
    17. 6.8.3 Steroids
  • Chapter 7 Equilibrium of Chemical Reaction and Phase Change

    1. 7.1 Introduction
    2. 7.2 Heat of Formation
    3. 7.3 Entropy for Reactions
    4. 7.4 Free Energy of Formation and for Reactions
    5. 7.5 Entropy and Gibbs Free Energy in Dilution
    6. 7.6 Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium
    7. 7.7 Changes in Gibbs Free Energy for Reactions at Constant Temperature
    8. 7.8 Changes in Gibbs Free Energy in Relation to Reaction Quotient over Equilibrium Constant
    9. 7.9 Variation of Chemical Equilibrium Constant with Temperature
    10. 7.10 Variation of Vapor Pressure with Temperature
    11. 7.11 Non-expansive Reversible Work at Constant Temperature and Pressure
    12. 7.12 Cell Potential and Gibbs Free Energy
    13. 7.13 Nernst Equation
  • Chapter 8 Rate of Reaction and Population Growth

    1. 8.1 Nuclear Reaction
    2. 8.2 Introduction to Chemical Kinetics
    3. 8.3 First Order Chemical Reactions
    4. 8.4 Second Order Chemical Reactions
    5. 8.5 Determining Orders of Reactions from Experimental Data
    6. 8.5.1 Reactions with One Reactant ( A →Product)
    7. 8.5.2 Reactions with More Than One Reactant ( A+B+C →Products)
    8. 8.6 Complex Reactions and Mechanisms
    9. 8.6.1 Parallel First Order Reactions
    10. 8.6.2 Consecutive First Order Reactions
    11. 8.6.3 Reversible First Order Reactions
    12. 8.6.4 Series Reversible First Order Reactions
    13. 8.7 Enzymes as Catalyst of Life
    14. 8.7.1 Introduction
    15. 8.7.2 Enzyme Kinetics
    16. 8.7.3 Inhibition of Enzyme Activity
    17. 8.8 Population Model of Bacterial Growth
    18. 8.9 Pharmacokinetics
  • Chapter 9 Application to Physiology and Pharmacology

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    1. 9.1 The Cell Membrane
    2. 9.2 Shape of protein in Aqueous Solution
    3. 9.3 Transmembrane Proteins
    4. 9.4 Discovery of Aquaporins
    5. 9.5 Osmotic Pressure
    6. 9.6 Primary Active Transport
    7. 9.7 Resting Membrane Potential
    8. 9.8 Goldman Equation
    9. 9.9 Action Potential
    10. 9.10 Graded Potential
    11. 9.11 Tissues with Voltage Gated Channels
    12. 9.11.1 Nerve Cell
    13. 9.11.2 Muscle Fibers and Receptors
    14. 9.12 Intracellular Messenger, Cyclic AMP
    15. 9.13 Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase
    16. 9.14 Role of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in Cell Metabolism
    17. 9.15 Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
    18. 9.16 Semiconservative Replication of DNA
    19. 9.17 Protein Synthesis in the Living Cells
    20. 9.17.1 Transcription
    21. 9.17.2 Translation
    22. 9.18 Transfection of Foreign DNA into Host Cells and Restriction Enzymes
    23. 9.19 Plasmids as Vectors
    24. 9.20 Polymerase Chain Reaction
    25. 9.21 DNA Sequencing Reaction
    26. 9.22 Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
    27. 9.23 Mutations
  • Back Matter

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