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Possible Existence of Superluminal Photons Inside Microtubules and the Resulting Explanation for Brain Mechanism
Takaaki Musha,
Luigi Maxmilian Caligiuri
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
54-57
Received:
19 July 2015
Accepted:
29 July 2015
Published:
11 August 2015
Abstract: D.Georgiev presented an idea that consciousness could be the result of quantum computation via short laser-like pulses controlling quantum gates within the brain cortex. However, he later rejected this theory because the wavelength of super radiant photon emission in the infrared spectrum is two orders of magnitude longer than the size of any microtubule cavity. To revive this idea of quantum computation within the brain, the authors propose that the substance within a microtubule cylinder has the characteristics of a metamaterial composed of sub-wavelength structures. Using this hypothesis, we can propose the mechanism for human brain based on superluminal photons
Abstract: D.Georgiev presented an idea that consciousness could be the result of quantum computation via short laser-like pulses controlling quantum gates within the brain cortex. However, he later rejected this theory because the wavelength of super radiant photon emission in the infrared spectrum is two orders of magnitude longer than the size of any micro...
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Numerical Analysis of Dry Excavation Using a Tie Back Wall Under Static and Dynamic Load
Masih Allahbakhshi,
Amir Allahbakhshi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
58-64
Received:
21 July 2015
Accepted:
3 August 2015
Published:
12 August 2015
Abstract: Deep excavations are common in urban areas, nearby existing constructions. The support systems have the main function of preserve the stability and control soil displacements close to the excavation. Settlement control of nearby structures is an essential aspect during design and construction. Settlements prediction is usually made by empirical methods and in some cases also by numerical modeling. The paper presents a numerical modeling of a dry excavation by Plaxis program. The program allows the prediction of stress and deformation behavior of different geotechnical constructions using the Finite Element Method. The excavation has been modeled in five stages, in order to reproduce the construction phases. The numerical modeling was capable to reproduce satisfactorily the horizontal profile of the displacements of the diaphragm wall. In relation to settlements, the shape of the settlement profile was quite similar
Abstract: Deep excavations are common in urban areas, nearby existing constructions. The support systems have the main function of preserve the stability and control soil displacements close to the excavation. Settlement control of nearby structures is an essential aspect during design and construction. Settlements prediction is usually made by empirical met...
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Stimulated Thermal Scattering Induced by Two-Photon Absorption and Experimental Observation of the Genuine Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in the Near-Ultraviolet Region
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
65-79
Received:
21 July 2015
Accepted:
5 August 2015
Published:
12 August 2015
Abstract: Part of the experimental measurements of the frequency shift and the phase-conjugation (PC) fidelity gained from previous studies of stimulated scattering (SS) of nanosecond ( ) near-ultraviolet (UV) ( ) laser pulses in liquids (hexane, heptane, and others) are found to disagree with the theory of SS, which takes into account only the linear (single-photon) light absorption. To resolve the inconsistency, SS of XeCl excimer laser radiation ( ) with the duration of in liquid hexane is investigated experimentally. A theoretical analysis of the results obtained revealed three new nonlinear optical phenomena induced by the heating due to two-photon absorption: stimulated thermal scattering (two-photon STS-2), phase mismatch for stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), and phase self-modulation. Experimental SS spectrum contains two new lines - a previously unknown two-photon STS-2 line and a genuine SBS line newly discovered in the near-UV region
Abstract: Part of the experimental measurements of the frequency shift and the phase-conjugation (PC) fidelity gained from previous studies of stimulated scattering (SS) of nanosecond ( ) near-ultraviolet (UV) ( ) laser pulses in liquids (hexane, heptane, and others) are found to disagree with the theory of SS, which takes into account only the linear (singl...
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Electron-Hole and Photon Recombination Processes in Quantum Well Semiconductor Lasers
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
80-84
Received:
16 March 2015
Accepted:
24 March 2015
Published:
19 August 2015
Abstract: The success obtained from semiconductor laser devices is dependent on the science of manipulating the electron-hole and the photon. While the most useful interaction in the laser is the recombination process that involves the electron and holes to produce a photon, other non-useful processes also occur and in some cases overshadow the preferred recombination process. In this review article, the physics behind radiative and non-radiative recombination processes and loss mechanisms dominant in quantum well semiconductor lasers is presented. The work concludes by suggesting possible solutions based on relevant published works
Abstract: The success obtained from semiconductor laser devices is dependent on the science of manipulating the electron-hole and the photon. While the most useful interaction in the laser is the recombination process that involves the electron and holes to produce a photon, other non-useful processes also occur and in some cases overshadow the preferred rec...
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Catalytic Synthesis of Hydroquinone by Using Rh on Al2O3 Via Different Rout
Ved Prakash Singh,
Sumit Kumar Pandey
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
85-88
Received:
21 July 2015
Accepted:
8 August 2015
Published:
19 August 2015
Abstract: The catalytic synthesis of hydroquinoneutilize benzene as the starting material. The manufacture of hydroquinone by oxidation of phenol and 1,2- diisopropylbenzene. The first route begin with Friedel-Crafts alkylation of petroleum –derived benzene to afford cumene. Subsequent Hock-type, air oxidation of the cumene leads to formation of acetone and phenol. The phenol is oxidized by using 70%hydrogen peroxide either in the presence of transition metal or in formic acid solution where formic acid is the actual oxidant. The generated catechol and hydroquinone mixture is separated into its pure components by distillations. The second synthesis way, which is also manufactured, is the reaction with propene and benzene to1,4-diisopropylbenzene, which reacts afterwards to the hydroquinone. Nevertheless there are more than this two synthetic routes benzene reacts to nitrobenzene by using HNO3and H2SO4 and after that to the corresponding aniline. Next, benzoquinone is synthesized by a route employing stoichiometric amounts of MnO2 to oxidize aniline, followed by iron catalyzed reduction to the corresponding hydroquinone. While benzene is a volatile carcinogen derived from non-renewable fossil fuel feed stocks, an alternative way to hydroquinone has been elaborated. Glucose is nonvolatile, nontoxic, and derived from renewable plant polysacharrides and plays an important role for these benzene free 3-dehydroshikimic acid (DHS). Shikimicacid as well as quinic acid are known for the hydroquinone Synthesis. In this work the starting material for the hydroquinone synthesis using catalyzed by Rh/Al2O3,Rh/C, Pt/C, or Pd/c. The Rh on Al2O3 catalyst showed the best results (59% yield)
Abstract: The catalytic synthesis of hydroquinoneutilize benzene as the starting material. The manufacture of hydroquinone by oxidation of phenol and 1,2- diisopropylbenzene. The first route begin with Friedel-Crafts alkylation of petroleum –derived benzene to afford cumene. Subsequent Hock-type, air oxidation of the cumene leads to formation of acetone and ...
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Quanto-Optical Effects of Exciton-Polariton System
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
89-93
Received:
25 July 2015
Accepted:
7 August 2015
Published:
19 August 2015
Abstract: The mutual quantum and optical effects of exciton bound states in exciton-polartiton system in the inhomogeneous multi-layer environment in semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs) are presented. We theoretically show that how optical effects (polarization) of exciton-polariton system can affect on quantum characteristics (spin projections) which results in beats between right- and left-circularly polarized photoluminescence. Optical polarization effects in exciton-polariton interactions in SQDs enable complete studies of the exciton-polariton spin dynamics. The theoretical information on the exotic-polariton states and definition of Hamiltonian interactions according to the basis investigation of the asymptotically bihaviour of the loop function of scalar particles (electron-hole) in SQDs are determined. Using oscillator representation method, spin Hamiltonian coefficient of excitons with effective confinement potential, Coulomb and spin effects are determined. In addition we can say that controlling and understanding of spin interaction between electron- holes localized in SQDs can controlled optically effects and interactions. Spin quantum manipulations can be useful in new generation of optic-photonic studies, especially super quantum computers, Bose condensates of exciton-polariton, polariton lasers and etc
Abstract: The mutual quantum and optical effects of exciton bound states in exciton-polartiton system in the inhomogeneous multi-layer environment in semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs) are presented. We theoretically show that how optical effects (polarization) of exciton-polariton system can affect on quantum characteristics (spin projections) which results ...
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Types of Solar Cells and Application
Askari Mohammad Bagher,
Mirzaei Mahmoud Abadi Vahid,
Mirhabibi Mohsen
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
94-113
Received:
21 July 2015
Accepted:
8 August 2015
Published:
21 August 2015
Abstract: A solar cell is an electronic device which directly converts sunlight into electricity. Light shining on the solar cell produces both a current and a voltage to generate electric power. This process requires firstly, a material in which the absorption of light raises an electron to a higher energy state, and secondly, the movement of this higher energy electron from the solar cell into an external circuit. The electron then dissipates its energy in the external circuit and returns to the solar cell. A variety of materials and processes can potentially satisfy the requirements for photovoltaic energy conversion, but in practice nearly all photovoltaic energy conversion uses semiconductor materials in the form of a p-n junction. With regard to the development of sustainable energy, such as solar energy, in this article we will Study types of solar cells and their applications
Abstract: A solar cell is an electronic device which directly converts sunlight into electricity. Light shining on the solar cell produces both a current and a voltage to generate electric power. This process requires firstly, a material in which the absorption of light raises an electron to a higher energy state, and secondly, the movement of this higher en...
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Analysis of Near System in Terms of Image Retrieval
Sumit Kumar Pandey,
Kunal Kumar
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
114-117
Received:
21 July 2015
Accepted:
14 August 2015
Published:
24 August 2015
Abstract: In this paper, Near Set Evaluation and Recognition (NEAR) system has been evaluated and analyzed to retrieve perceptual information among images which can resemble human perception. NEAR System is a basic tool for image processing. Different image databases with varied category have been examined to determine the similarity among them. Work is preceded by partitioning an image into different objects. Nearness is performed on the basis of these objects. Work is done in version V3.0 of NEAR System. Calculation of equivalence classes, tolerance classes, segmentation evaluation, nearness among different images has been analyzed
Abstract: In this paper, Near Set Evaluation and Recognition (NEAR) system has been evaluated and analyzed to retrieve perceptual information among images which can resemble human perception. NEAR System is a basic tool for image processing. Different image databases with varied category have been examined to determine the similarity among them. Work is prec...
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Simultaneous in situ Detection of the Optical Fluorescence, Fluorescence Recovery Kinetics After Photobleaching & Membrane Ion Flux on the Electrophysiological Lab-on-a-Chip
Paul Alexandrov,
Alexander Notchenko,
Margaret Gradova,
Oleg Gradov
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2015
Pages:
118-122
Received:
21 July 2015
Accepted:
7 August 2015
Published:
7 September 2015
Abstract: The need for simultaneous data recording from multiple channels and synchronization of the correlation data processing in patch-clamp on microelectrode arrays / chips with many data capture points corresponding to single channel ionic kinetic processes of individual cells leads to the idea that adaptive variation of the local potential registration conditions in multichannel devices without signal preprocessing in real time is impossible. Moreover, the advisability of direct registration coupling with the model realization for kinetic identification of the process during patch-clamp can be realized only in case of their synchronization. We propose here such a measurement system.
Abstract: The need for simultaneous data recording from multiple channels and synchronization of the correlation data processing in patch-clamp on microelectrode arrays / chips with many data capture points corresponding to single channel ionic kinetic processes of individual cells leads to the idea that adaptive variation of the local potential registration...
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