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Paralytic Toxin Profiles of Xanthid Crab Atergatis Floridus Collected on Reefs of Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan and Camotes Island, Cebu Province, Philippines
Manabu Asakawa,
Shintaro Tsuruda,
Yasuyuki Ishimoto,
Michitaka Shimomura,
Kazuo Kishimoto,
Yasuo Shida,
Mercy Barte-Quilantang,
Gloria Gomez-Delan
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
75-81
Received:
1 August 2014
Accepted:
26 August 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: Attempts were made to assess the toxicity and to analyze paralytic toxin profiles of xanthid crab Atergatis floridus collected on two reefs on the left- and the right-side, tentatively designated as site A and B, separated by the passage at the outside of Kabira Bay in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan in comparison with those of the same crabs from Camotes Island off the eastern coast of Cebu Island, Cebu Province, Philippines. They were dissected into 4 parts; carapace, viscera, appendage and muscle of appendage. Muscle of appendage was highly toxic, and the maximum toxicity of 4,641±972MU/g as paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) was recorded in the specimens from the right-side reef (site B). Toxicity assays showed that all of them were toxic irrespective of the crab-collecting years, locations, and tissues, and in addition to these, there seemed to be marked narrow regionality and individual variation of toxicity and toxin profiles. Toxicity of Ishigaki specimens was seemed to be higher than that of Camotes specimens. Toxin profiles of the viscera of A.floridus were examined by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescent detection (HPLC-FLD) analysis. In the viscera of A.floridus from site A in June, 2007, relative abundances (mole %) of carbamoyl-N-hydroxyneosaxitoxin (hyneoSTX), neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), and saxitoxin (STX) were high (98%), and only 2% of gonyautoxin 2(GTX2) were contained in addition to similar amounts (3%) of decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX). Its viscera from site B in the same month possessed GTX2 (36%) and STX group (63 %) predominantly, and only 1% of GTX1 was contained in addition to similar amount (2%) of STX. Their viscera possessed STX group as the major components (89%) along with the GTX4 (11%) as the minor. On the other hand, PSP compositions of the viscera of Camotes specimen resembled to that of the viscera from the specimens on site A in Kabira Bay with higher GTX4 but lower hyneoSTX. A solitary outstanding difference of toxin profiles in both crabs was the occurrence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the Camotes specimen due to the results of HPLC-FLD and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.
Abstract: Attempts were made to assess the toxicity and to analyze paralytic toxin profiles of xanthid crab Atergatis floridus collected on two reefs on the left- and the right-side, tentatively designated as site A and B, separated by the passage at the outside of Kabira Bay in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan in comparison with those of the same ...
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Determination of Sample Size for Two Stage Sequential Designs in Bioequivalence Studies under 2x2 Crossover Design
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
82-90
Received:
23 May 2014
Accepted:
26 August 2014
Published:
30 September 2014
Abstract: Sequential design is an adaptive design that allows for pre-mature termination of a trial due to efficacy or futility based on the interim analyses. The concept of sequential statistical methods was originally motivated by the need to obtain clinical benefits under certain economic constraints. That is for a trial for a positive results, early stopping ensures that a new drug product can exploited sooner, while negative results indicated, early stopping avoids wastage of resources. In short, the right drug at the right time for the right patient. Furthermore, the possible implication of two stage sequential design/ sample size re-estimation is to adjust the sample size based on the observed variance estimated from the first stage. The purpose of this work was to determine the minimum number of sample size required to proceed the second stage of sequential design, and the simulation is done through R ve. 3.0.3 Statistical software package. In general, from our simulation study, we can understand that, for highly variable drugs (CV ≥30), the appropriate GMR value is between (0.95, 1.05), which is also appropriate for low variable drugs to achieve the minimum sample size required to conduct any clinical trials.
Abstract: Sequential design is an adaptive design that allows for pre-mature termination of a trial due to efficacy or futility based on the interim analyses. The concept of sequential statistical methods was originally motivated by the need to obtain clinical benefits under certain economic constraints. That is for a trial for a positive results, early stop...
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Effect of Glycemic Control on Plasma Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Levels in Diabetics
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
91-97
Received:
6 September 2014
Accepted:
18 September 2014
Published:
10 October 2014
Abstract: Objective: Increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) glycation in diabetics could facilitate LDL oxidation, which is proatherogenic. I studied plasma oxidized LDL (OxLDL) levels in diabetics and non-diabetics, their relation to glycemic control, and their circadian variations. Methods: OxLDL in diabetics (n=32) and in non-diabetics without coronary artery diseases (n=20) were compared. OxLDL in diabetics (n=24) was measured on Days 2, 3, 4, 8 and the last day of hospitalization. Circadian variation in OxLDL in diabetics (n=18) was also examined. Glycemic control was implemented during hospitalization. Patients: The diabetics were divided into two groups; moderately-controlled (MC) group (HbA1c < 9.0% at admission, n = 15) and poorly-controlled (PC) group (HbA1c ≧ 9.0% at admission, n = 9). Results： In the MC group, OxLDL decreased by 20.8% after glycemic control (p = 0.0139), but not in the PC group. OxLDL is correlated with LDL on Days 3, 4, 8 (r = 0.837, 0.864, 0.801, respectively), TG on Day 8(r = 0.932), and Lp(a) at discharge (r = 0.871). In the PC group, OxLDL was 15.8% higher on the average in the daytime than at night (p = 0.0024). Conclusion： Plasma OxLDL is decreased by glycemic control, particularly in moderately glycemic controlled patients. OxLDL has a circadian variation, particularly in poorly glycemic controlled patients. Long-term glycemic control could reduce the progression of atherosclerosis, by reducing OxLDL levels.
Abstract: Objective: Increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) glycation in diabetics could facilitate LDL oxidation, which is proatherogenic. I studied plasma oxidized LDL (OxLDL) levels in diabetics and non-diabetics, their relation to glycemic control, and their circadian variations. Methods: OxLDL in diabetics (n=32) and in non-diabetics without coronary a...
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Renal Transplant Patients with Pneumonia
Ventsislava Pencheva,
Daniela Petrova,
Diyan Genov,
Ognian Georgiev
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
98-103
Received:
18 September 2014
Accepted:
5 October 2014
Published:
20 October 2014
Abstract: Objective: To establish the frequency of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in kidney transplant patients with pneumonia and to define the risk factors associated with its development. Material and Methods: 81 kidney transplant patients hospitalized with pneumonia for the period of three years were studied. All the recipients were observed for the development of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Different noninvasive and invasive diagnostic tests were used. Results: 15 of the patients with pneumonia developed ARDS. The factors associated with increased risk for the development of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome included pneumonia in 1-6 month after transplantation, increased level of C – reactive protein, Cytomegalovirus-infection, bilateral lung infiltrates and failure of initial antibiotic therapy. Conclusions: The risk factors can be used to identify patients with pneumonia at increased risk for development of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Strict monitoring of high-risk patients can reduce the morbidity and mortality after renal transplantation.
Abstract: Objective: To establish the frequency of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in kidney transplant patients with pneumonia and to define the risk factors associated with its development. Material and Methods: 81 kidney transplant patients hospitalized with pneumonia for the period of three years were studied. All the recipients were observed for the...
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