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Trace Metals, Potassium Bromate and Nutritional Potentials in Bread from Bakeries in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Emmanuel Isaac Uwah,
Ernest Daniel Ikwebe
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2020
Pages:
63-73
Received:
7 November 2019
Accepted:
25 November 2019
Published:
4 July 2020
Abstract: This research assessed bread from bakeries in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, for trace metals, nutritive value and potassium bromate using standard procedures. Samples were collected from four bakeries coded as: A, B, C and D. Alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and saponins were present in all samples. Flavonoids were only present in samples obtained from bakery D. Quantitatively, phytochemical composition ranged from 0.08±0.00 mg/100g glycoside in samples from bakery A to 3.76±0.00 mg/100g alkaloids also in samples from bakery A. Trace metal analysis indicated that copper was only detected in samples from bakery B, and that iron levels were less than 0.009 mg/100g in all the samples, while tin was < 0.001 mg/100g in samples from bakery A and was not detected in samples from bakeries B, C and D. The levels of potassium bromate analysed by the congo red oxidation method in all the samples ranged from 6.66±0.00 to 52.19±0.00 mg/kg. With crystal violet oxidation method, they ranged from 5.09±0.00 to 58.36±0.01 mg/kg. Proximate composition ranged from 0.03±0.00 fiber in samples from A, C and D to 73.38±0.00% CHO in samples from C, while the calorific values ranged from 280.11±0.00 to 359±0.00 kcal in all the samples. Anti-nutrient composition ranged from 0.21±0.00 mg/100g tannin in samples from B to 1.68±0.00 mg/100g HCN in samples from C. Essential mineral composition ranged from 0.01±0.00 mg/100g phosphorus and sodium in samples from A and D to 1.89±0.00 mg/100g calcium in samples from B. Vitamins composition ranged from 0.19±0.00 mg/100g vitamin B2 in samples from D to 4.62±0.00 mg/100g vitamin C in samples from C. The bread samples were to some extend nutritive. The anti-nutrients and trace metals in the bread were below the levels that could cause toxicity in humans, except that the bread contained potassium bromate (banned chemicals that are hazardous to human health).
Abstract: This research assessed bread from bakeries in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, for trace metals, nutritive value and potassium bromate using standard procedures. Samples were collected from four bakeries coded as: A, B, C and D. Alkaloids, glycosides, steroids and saponins were present in all samples. Flavonoids were only present in samples obtained ...
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Chemical Speciation and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in the Soils of Onitsha South Local Government Area Anambra Nigeria
Ochiagha Kate Ekwutosi,
Okoye Patrice-Anthony Chudi,
Eboagu Nkiru Charity
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2020
Pages:
74-81
Received:
4 May 2020
Accepted:
8 June 2020
Published:
4 July 2020
Abstract: The understanding of chemical forms of heavy metals and how they associate with themselves is very essential in studying the potential mobility and risk assessment of heavy metals in soils. This study determined the spatial distribution and mobility of Mn, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb and Fe in the soil samples of Onitsha South Local Government Area in South East Nigeria. The soil samples collected were examined for the heavy metal contamination using five-step sequential extraction method. The concentrations of the extracted metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The range of heavy metals extracted fractions for each of five fractions in percentages were as follows; exchangeables (0.0-3.5%), bound to carbonates (0.0-4.49%), bound to Fe-Mn oxides (0.03-4.14%), bound to organic matter (0.03-3.38%) and residual (0.0-86.70%) in wet season; exchangeables (0.0-3.94%), bound to carbonates (0.0-4.80%), bound to Fe-Mn oxides (0.09-5.19%), bound to organic matter (0.09-3.53%) and residual (0.0-126.00%) in dry season. Available heavy metals in the soil studied had mean values 0.52, 0.76, 1.21, 1.24, 1.40, 9.08 and 96.37 all in mgkg-1 for Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cr, and Fe respectively for wet season while the mean values in dry season were 0.36, 1.21, 1.60, 1.82, 2.45, 11.54 and 143.54 all in mgkg-1 for Pb, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cr and Fe respectively. Mobility factor were 0.22-47.90% in the two seasons, levels of heavy metals in available forms differ significantly though majority of the extracted toxic metals are found in oxides and the residual fractions and as such may not pose environmental risk due to their relatively low availability and mobility factor. That notwithstanding, soils from studied area should be carefully monitored to prevent the release of these metals due to redox reactions which may make them available to plants through absorption.
Abstract: The understanding of chemical forms of heavy metals and how they associate with themselves is very essential in studying the potential mobility and risk assessment of heavy metals in soils. This study determined the spatial distribution and mobility of Mn, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb and Fe in the soil samples of Onitsha South Local Government Area in South...
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Adsorption of Atrazine from Aqueous Solution onto Peanut Shell Activated Carbon: Kinetics and Isotherms Studies
Ignace Agani,
Jacques Kabiyéssi Fatombi,
Nikita Topanou,
Esta Abiodon Idohou,
Taofiki Aminou
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2020
Pages:
82-88
Received:
4 July 2020
Accepted:
20 July 2020
Published:
28 July 2020
Abstract: In this study, the activated carbon (AC) was prepared from phosphoric acid activation of peanut shell and used as adsorbent for atrazine removal from aqueous solutions. The prepared AC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The effect of parameters such as solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and concentration of atrazine solution were studied on adsorption process. The results of characteristics study shown that the surface of AC was porous with numerous functional groups. The kinetic results revealed that the adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order model than the pseudo-first-order model. The intraparticle diffusion model involved in the adsorption process by multi steps. The equilibrium data were in the best agreement with the Langmuir model than the Freundlich and the Temkin models. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated according to the Langmuir isotherm were 66.66, 52.63 and 48.08 mg g-1 at 30°C and at pH 5, 7 and 9 respectively. The results of this study pointed out that the activated carbon prepared from the peanut shell has strong adsorption potential toward the atrazine herbicide, hence, it could be used for efficient adsorption of pesticide residues and other hazardous pollutants from wastewater.
Abstract: In this study, the activated carbon (AC) was prepared from phosphoric acid activation of peanut shell and used as adsorbent for atrazine removal from aqueous solutions. The prepared AC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The effect of parameters such as solution pH, ...
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Determination of Five Sulfonamides in Water by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Combined with Ionic Liquid Liquid-liquid Microextraction
Gao Yuling,
Liang Ting,
Sun Peng,
Guo Yongxia
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2020
Pages:
89-93
Received:
4 June 2020
Accepted:
24 June 2020
Published:
28 July 2020
Abstract: A novel method for the determination of sulfamethazine (SM2), sulfamonomethoxinc (SMM), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfadiazine (SD), sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) from the water has been developed using ionic liquid dispersive 1iquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. The influence of extraction parameters including types of extraction solvent, volume of extraction solvent, types of dispersant solvent, volume of dispersant solvent, extraction time, and pH were investigated. Using 80 μL 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C6MIM]PF6) as extraction solvent, 800 μL acetonitrile as dispersant solvent, pH=4.0, extraction 3min, centrifugal after storage 2min. Under the optima1 conditions, good linear relationships were obtained in the five sulfonamides residues concentrations of 5~150 μg•L-2 with the correlation coefficients of 0.9988-0.9994, limits of detection (LOD) were 0.74~1.21 μg•L-2 (S/N=3), limits of quantification (LOQ) were 2.51~4.06 μg•L-2 (S/N=10). The proposed method was applied to the determination of five sulfonamides residues in water, the recoveries were from 88.5% to 98.8%, with the corresponding intra-day RSDs less than 5.1%, inter-day RSDs less than 9.5%. The method was considered to be simple, fast, and precise to satisfy the requirements of the residual analysis of sulfonamides in water.
Abstract: A novel method for the determination of sulfamethazine (SM2), sulfamonomethoxinc (SMM), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfadiazine (SD), sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) from the water has been developed using ionic liquid dispersive 1iquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. The influence of extraction parameters including ...
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