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Food Security Situation in Ethiopia: A Review Study
Abduselam Abdulahi Mohamed
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2017
Pages:
86-96
Received:
6 January 2017
Accepted:
20 January 2017
Published:
2 March 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.hep.20170203.11
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Abstract: Food security is a dynamic concept, which has continuously integrated new dimensions and levels of analysis over the years; this reflects the wider recognition of its complexities in research and public policy issues. Food security is achieved when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Food insecurity occurs at individuals, households or nation level that has neither physical nor economical access to the nourishment they need. Food insecurity is an enduring, critical challenge in Ethiopia which is Africa’s second populous country after Nigeria. The 2015 El Niño drought is one of the strongest droughts that have been recorded in Ethiopian history were more than 27 million people became food insecure and total population of 18.1 million people require food assistance in 2016. As indicated by Africa Food Security and Hunger Multiple Indicator Scorecard, Ethiopia ranked first in having the highest number of people in state of undernourishment which is 32.1 million people in 2014. World Food Program found long-term effects of chronic malnutrition cost Ethiopia approximately 16.5 percent of its GDP in each year. The number of food insecure people in the country increasing from time to time; which was estimated to 2.9 million in 2014 and 4.5 million in August, 2015 and by the end of the same year this figure had more than doubled to 10.2 million food insecure people. Drought and land degradation, population pressure, instability and armed conflict are major sources of food security problems in Ethiopia. To cope with these problems Ethiopian people use sale of livestock, agricultural employment, and migration to other areas, requesting grain loans, sales of wood or charcoal, small scale trading and limiting size and frequency of meal as major coping mechanisms.
Abstract: Food security is a dynamic concept, which has continuously integrated new dimensions and levels of analysis over the years; this reflects the wider recognition of its complexities in research and public policy issues. Food security is achieved when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food t...
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Food Security and Livelihood of Rural Households of Songololo Territory in Kongo Central Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mawunu Monizi,
Eduardo Afonso,
Balomba Panzu,
Asaph Mohindo Ayisa,
Gédéon Bongo,
Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2017
Pages:
97-103
Received:
9 January 2017
Accepted:
25 January 2017
Published:
2 March 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.hep.20170203.12
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Abstract: The survey was conducted from May to July 2012 on security, food consumption and livelihoods of 172 rural households in three administrative districts of Songololo territory, located about 200 km to the West of Kinshasa. From these investigations, we considered several food insecurity indicators namely the determining access scale household food insecurity and the household dietary diversity score. Data analysis showed that food security in a rural area highly depends on the socio-demographic and economic profile of the household head, the level of education, the facilities, the gender, the livelihood used, henceforth the need to know the household profile of these households. Songololo rural household food access is mainly done through their own agricultural production (physical access), buying from the small rural local market or through the sale by means of labor power (economic access). The more educated is the household head, the more the household is well equipped and high is the food diversity, therefore the chance is less to face food insecurity. Moreover, households headed by men vary their source of income outside of agriculture are less affected by severe food insecurity (25%) than households headed by women (50%). Last, more a household is searching for strategies of living less it is affected by food insecurity.
Abstract: The survey was conducted from May to July 2012 on security, food consumption and livelihoods of 172 rural households in three administrative districts of Songololo territory, located about 200 km to the West of Kinshasa. From these investigations, we considered several food insecurity indicators namely the determining access scale household food in...
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Analyzing Case Studies in Hospital Performance Measurement
Moh’d Mahmoud Ajlouni,
Rasha K. Sibakhi,
Manar Marzouq
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2017
Pages:
104-110
Received:
10 January 2017
Accepted:
14 February 2017
Published:
3 March 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.hep.20170203.13
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Abstract: Hospital Performance may be defined according to the achievement of specialized targets, either clinical or administrative. It might include elements of community care and public health, as well as social and employment functions. These may be seen as clusters of values and aims behind performance measurement in such areas as research, service improvement, referrer and patient choice, resource management and accountability. The methods used for performance measurement and quality improvement include, but not limited to, regulatory inspection, surveys of consumers’ experience, third-party assessment, statistical indicators and internal assessment. This study was carried out to examine and analyze case studies related to each of these measures. The study employed a qualitative approach in analyzing these measures. The result of the analysis shows that hospital performance should be based on professional competences in application of present knowledge, available technologies and resources, efficiency in use of resources, minimal risk to the patient, satisfaction of the patient, and health outcomes. High hospital performance should address the responsive to community needs and demands, the integration of services in the delivery system, and the commitment to health promotion, and should be assessed in relation to the availability of hospitals’ services to all patients irrespective of physical, cultural, social, demographic and economic barriers.
Abstract: Hospital Performance may be defined according to the achievement of specialized targets, either clinical or administrative. It might include elements of community care and public health, as well as social and employment functions. These may be seen as clusters of values and aims behind performance measurement in such areas as research, service impr...
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Improving Antenatal Care Services Utilization in Ethiopia: An Evidence–Based Policy Brief
Yosef Gebreyohannes,
Desalegn Ararso,
Fasil Mengistu,
Serebe Abay,
Mamuye Hadis
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2017
Pages:
111-117
Received:
25 January 2017
Accepted:
18 February 2017
Published:
9 March 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.hep.20170203.14
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Abstract: The World Health Organization recommends a minimum of four antenatal care visits. However, global estimates indicate that only about half of all pregnant women receive this recommended amount of care. The objective of this evidence brief is to summarize the best available evidence describing the low levels of antenatal care service utilization in Ethiopia and to outline potential solutions to address the problem. The policy brief brings together global research evidence from systematic reviews and local evidence to inform deliberations about improving antenatal care service utilization in Ethiopia. Only 32% of Ethiopian women with live birth received at least four visits during the length of their pregnancy, which is below the global average (54%). The predominant underlying factors for the low coverage of antenatal care services include: socio-cultural and economic barriers, poor access to health services, and poor quality of antenatal care services. Potential policy options to address the need for improving antenatal care coverage and service utilization in Ethiopia include the following: (i) Behavioral Change Communication (BCC) might increase utilization of health services by pregnant mothers (ii) mobile health (mHealth) interventions probably increases the attendance of health care appointments (iii) Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programmes may increase antenatal care attendance since it increases health care seeking behavior.
Abstract: The World Health Organization recommends a minimum of four antenatal care visits. However, global estimates indicate that only about half of all pregnant women receive this recommended amount of care. The objective of this evidence brief is to summarize the best available evidence describing the low levels of antenatal care service utilization in E...
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Drivers’ Opinion on the Driver Selection System and the Possible New Models in Spain
Francisco Alonso,
Cristina Esteban,
Sergio A. Useche,
Andrea Serge
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2017
Pages:
118-124
Received:
27 February 2017
Accepted:
10 March 2017
Published:
27 March 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.hep.20170203.15
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Abstract: One of the objectives of the driver selection system in Spain is to determine if drivers have any psychophysical disorders that may impair their driving, in order to show the psychophysical aptitudes of people when obtaining or renewing a driving license. The general objective of this research was to understand drivers’ opinions on the reliability and exhaustiveness of the actual selection of driver systems, as well as whether drivers agreed with the proposal of suspending the driving license after a medical check-up, if necessary. For this national study, it was used a total sample of n=1200 (666 [56%] men and 534 [44%] women) Spanish drivers, who answered a questionnaire designed to collect data about psychosocial characteristics and their perceptions about the driver selection system and their driving habits and conditions. More than half of the drivers considered that the process to assess their psychophysical aptitudes at the Centers for Selection of Drivers was unreliable or very unreliable. On the contrary, a high percentage of drivers considered that it was appropriate to temporarily suspend their driving license after a check-up, when it was necessary. It was concluded, in other words, that drivers have not enough confidence in the current driver selection system.
Abstract: One of the objectives of the driver selection system in Spain is to determine if drivers have any psychophysical disorders that may impair their driving, in order to show the psychophysical aptitudes of people when obtaining or renewing a driving license. The general objective of this research was to understand drivers’ opinions on the reliability ...
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Patient Satisfaction at Tertiary Level Healthcare Services in Greece: Inpatient vs Outpatient Healthcare Services Assessment
Sofia Xesfingi,
Dimitrios Karamanis,
Athanassios Vozikis
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2017
Pages:
125-133
Received:
1 March 2017
Accepted:
15 March 2017
Published:
27 March 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.hep.20170203.16
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Abstract: The aim of this research is to investigate in- and out-patient satisfaction as revealed by patients’ assessment in the Konstantopouleio General Hospital of Athens. The sample of the study consisted of 745 inpatients and 420 outpatients from a survey performed from June 2011 till October 2012. An ordered logit approach was used that allows for different satisfaction response categories. Medical and nursery staff attention to patients along with the hospital environment and administration positively correlate with patient satisfaction in both groups of in- and out-patients. Among the demographic factors, only age positively relates to patient satisfaction in both groups. While the perceived health status plays a positive and significant role in shaping only the in-patient satisfaction, education and insurance positively associate only with out-patient satisfaction. Our study confirms the important role of hospital performance measures, proxied by the hospital care delivered, as well as the socio-demographic factors. In general, hospitals and healthcare systems that invest in citizens’ evaluation evolvement and patients’ assessment programmes, are expected to acquire valuable information to perform important transformational changes-reforms in their healthcare services.
Abstract: The aim of this research is to investigate in- and out-patient satisfaction as revealed by patients’ assessment in the Konstantopouleio General Hospital of Athens. The sample of the study consisted of 745 inpatients and 420 outpatients from a survey performed from June 2011 till October 2012. An ordered logit approach was used that allows for diffe...
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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Occupational Safety Among Onshore Oil Rig Workers in District Karak, KPK, Pakistan
Amir Zeb,
Hashim Riaz,
Qandeel Tahir,
Ishtiaq Anwar,
Anam Altaf
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2017
Pages:
134-137
Received:
9 January 2017
Accepted:
27 March 2017
Published:
13 April 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.hep.20170203.17
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Abstract: An occupational hazard is something unpleasant that you may suffer or experience as a result of doing your job or hobby. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that employers protect their workplace hazards. Depending on the danger or workplace setting, OSHA recommends the use of manufacturing or work practice control to handle or reduce hazards to the maximum possible extent. Personal protective equipment usually referred to as “PPE”, is equipment worn to minimize exposure to a variety of hazards.Although the number of accidents and work-related issues have been debated for a long time, This study was conducted to assess the majorrisks that rig workers in Pakistan are exposed.To determine the overall occupational safety, knowledge, attitude and practices regarding work related safety among onshore oil rig workers. To determine the association of knowledge and attitude with practices of PPE and Occupational safety. A cross sectional study was conducted on onshore oil rig workers. A total of 404 workers were selected. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done by using SPSS 20.0. Chi-square test was used to investigate association between independent and dependant variables. Overall good occupational safety was reported by 55.4% workers. Good knowledge about occupational safety was reported by 62.6% of the workers, 53.5% of the workers showed good attitudes and 56.2% of the workers reported good practices. It was found out that good practices of workers were significantly associated with good attitudes and good knowledge. While knowledge, attitude and practices of the workers were also significantly associated with occupational safety. The study concluded that knowledge, attitude and practices of workers affect the occupational safety. Conducting Training programs and providing motivation for good occupational safety practices can minimize the occupational hazards and can improve the health and safety standards of the workers.
Abstract: An occupational hazard is something unpleasant that you may suffer or experience as a result of doing your job or hobby. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that employers protect their workplace hazards. Depending on the danger or workplace setting, OSHA recommends the use of manufacturing or work practice control to hand...
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Efficiency and Organizational Arrangements in the Utilization of Resources at Primary Health Care (PHC) in Machakos County, Kenya
Desire Aime Nshimirimana,
Donald Kokonya,
Wanja Mwaura-Tenambergen,
Maureen Adoyo
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2017
Pages:
138-144
Received:
26 March 2017
Accepted:
7 April 2017
Published:
26 May 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.hep.20170203.18
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Abstract: Health care is costly and there is need for rational use of health care resources for the world to achieve universal health coverage (UHC). The preventive Primary Health Care (PHC) service is cheaper than the Secondary Health Care (SHC). PHC is strengthened through gatekeeper system, so the emphasis on the PHC for cost control is self-explanatory. This study aimed at determining the efficiency and organizational arrangements using human resources for health (HRH), laboratory services and supply of drugs as the performance indicators that determined rational use of resources in Machakos County, Kenya. This was a convergent parallel mixed methods cross-sectional study that employed qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. The study targeted facility health managers in charges and policy implementers namely the Chief Officer of health, the Director of Prevention and PHC and the Medical Superintendents and patients seeking health care. A response rate of 83%was achieved (n=83), of whom 84.3% were nurses and 15.7% diploma medicine practitioners. Over (70%) of the health facilities had less than 3professional health workers. Exactly 75% of the community-based self-referrals cases would be treated at PHC level. Self referrals were largely due to patients’ perceived need for laboratory services (53.8%) and medicines (60%). On the contrary, 89.6% of the residents of Machakos County, Kenya were informed about PHC services, 91.7% were accessible to PHC and 93.7% had faith in health care providers at PHC level. The HRH, diagnostic equipment and essential drugs were not the main reasons for self-referrals, but perceived needs for drugs and laboratory services. The inverse and disproportionate attendances of patients at both PHC and SHC levels caused dissonance in service delivery and subsequent inefficiency in service delivery in Machakos County, Kenya. Proper supervision and implementation of referral policy available at county level should be emphasized.
Abstract: Health care is costly and there is need for rational use of health care resources for the world to achieve universal health coverage (UHC). The preventive Primary Health Care (PHC) service is cheaper than the Secondary Health Care (SHC). PHC is strengthened through gatekeeper system, so the emphasis on the PHC for cost control is self-explanatory. ...
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