Polymer Drilling Fluids Emulsions (PDFE): A Review
Ibe Kevin Ejiogu,
Jude Anikimi Omgbu,
Femi Boma Julius,
Uche Ibenenme
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2020
Pages:
1-7
Received:
16 February 2020
Accepted:
19 March 2020
Published:
14 April 2020
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaic.20200401.11
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Abstract: Polymeric drilling fluids emulsions (PDFE) are very important because they are used as drilling fluid systems used in modern drilling operations. For low pressure and exhausted gas and oil reservoirs Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion polymeric drilling fluids are used however for drilling completion and work over high pressure gauge wells Water-in-oil (w/o) invert emulsion polymeric drilling fluids are preferable. The stability of polymeric drilling fluids emulsions systems are possible as a result suitable chemical components called surfactants which creates good emulsion stability. The rheological and filtration properties are controlled by polymeric materials and bridging agents. This paper is a review on the recent developments and trends as new technologies emerge in polymeric drilling fluids emulsion and their level of efficiencies in drilling gas and oil wells. At times the mud components serve as soil supplement or agricultural aid. A lot of work needs to be done to popularise both drilling and waste problems. Some programmes have already been adopted to bring together economic and environmental considerations in drilling practices. A lot has been done in exploring waste reducing technologies. Pre-treatment of emulsion muds before disposal is easier and lower in cost than oil based muds. Oils can be removed from the cuttings with the help of mechanical cuttings dryers and thermal desorption units. As per a recent developed technique, oil from drilled cuttings can be recovered by liquefied gas extraction technique. This paper touches not only on the progress made in drilling fluid technology but also on the environmental impact of the drilling fluids at the drilling sites.
Abstract: Polymeric drilling fluids emulsions (PDFE) are very important because they are used as drilling fluid systems used in modern drilling operations. For low pressure and exhausted gas and oil reservoirs Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion polymeric drilling fluids are used however for drilling completion and work over high pressure gauge wells Water-in-oil (w...
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Thermodynamic Modelling of Nitric Acid and Selected Metal Nitrate Systems on Sampled Fish Pond Waters of Kisii University
Gilbert Nyachae Moturi,
Evans Okemwa Kenanda
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2020
Pages:
8-13
Received:
13 July 2020
Accepted:
5 August 2020
Published:
25 August 2020
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajaic.20200401.12
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Abstract: Surface waters consist of a complex mixture of ions and solutes which interact in a complex manner under different thermodynamic conditions. This study explored thermodynamic behavior of nitric acid/nitrous acid- selected nitrate-water systems on some fish ponds using Mixed-Solvent Electrolyte, MSE, which was applied to calculate phase equilibria, speciation, and their effect on dissolved oxygen, dissolved nitrogen and concentration of nitrates in the pond waters. In particular, solubilities and chemical speciation we analyzed for various nitrogen-containing systems. The model reproduced the speciation, solubility, and Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) data in the nitric acid + water system at ground temperature and pressure and was therefore used to predict the effects of chemical speciation, temperature, and concentrations of various acid, base, and salt components on the formation of competing solid phases over wide ranges of temperature and concentration in water. The water samples were obtained directly from four University fish ponds labeled as Migingo, Mfangano, Ringiti and Remba Islands. A sample of water was collected from each pond. The four samples were then analyzed of their concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrogen (TN), nitrates and nitrites, pH and electrical conductivity. The results were used to validate the model. The findings established that there is an inverse relationship between the amount of nitrates in water and the levels of dissolved oxygen. The higher the amount of nitrates the lower the amount of DO in the pond water. A pressure of about 1 atmosphere and temperature range 20-27°C favor most particle interactions resulting in higher levels of concentration of NO3- ions in pond water. This research also established that variation of water temp should not exceed ±5 within the day for optimal concentrations of competing particles in solution. The systems that were analyzed in this work include the HNO3/HNO2/NO2+ water mixtures in the full composition range that covers xHNO3 from 0 to 1 and, more generally, xNO2 from 0 to 1. Further, a model was established for the nitrate salt systems, involving the Li+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ cations, encountered in the fish pond waters. Rather than focusing on particular processes, the current work provided a comprehensive treatment on the basis of the available experimental thermodynamic data for such systems. These results provided a thermodynamic foundation to explain natural variations in salt concentrations and predict mineral equilibria in the pond waters. Validation of the model was achieved through VLE, pH, solubilities and conductivity measurements.
Abstract: Surface waters consist of a complex mixture of ions and solutes which interact in a complex manner under different thermodynamic conditions. This study explored thermodynamic behavior of nitric acid/nitrous acid- selected nitrate-water systems on some fish ponds using Mixed-Solvent Electrolyte, MSE, which was applied to calculate phase equilibria, ...
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