Review Paper on Enzyme Supplementation in Poultry Ration
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
1-7
Received:
24 November 2016
Accepted:
22 December 2016
Published:
17 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijbc.20160101.11
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This review paper is prepared with objective of to revise the available scientific information about the role and source of enzyme supplementation in poultry ration. The biggest single expense in any system of poultry production is feed accounting for up to 70% of total production cost per bird. The poultry industry readily accepts enzymes as a standard dietary component, especially in wheat and barley-based rations. Enzymes are biological catalyst composed of amino acids with vitamins and minerals. They bring about biochemical reactions without themselves undergoing any change. Poultry naturally produce enzymes to aid the digestion of feed nutrients. However, they do not have enzyme to break down fiber completely and need exogenous enzymes in feed to aid digestion. According to the purpose of application, feed enzymes can be fundamentally divided in to enzymes which are to quantitatively supplement endogenous digestive enzymes of mono gastric animals (Proteases, lipases, Amylases) and enzymes which are not produced by mono gastric animals (β-glucanases, Pentosanases and Phytases). Specific degradation site in the molecule, PH value, temperature, and presence of aerators / inhibitorsare some factors affecting the activity of enzyme. Bacteria, fungi and yeast are micro-organisms used as a source of enzyme in poultry ration. Some of the enzymes that have been used over the past several years or have potential for use in the poultry feed industry include cellulase (ß-glucanases), xylanases and associated enzymes, phytases, proteases, lipases, and galactosidases. The benefits of using enzymes in poultry diets include not only enhanced bird performance and feed conversion but also less environmental problems due to reduced output of excreta, including reducing the gut viscosity, increasing the effectiveness of host (endogenous) enzymes, alteration in feed passage rate, effect on excreta characteristics, effect on litter problems, release of nutrients, availability of phosphorus, increase in available energy, and improvement in nutrient digestibility. The degree of improvement obtained by adding enzymes to the diet depends on many factors including the type and amount of cereal in the diet, the level of anti-nutritive factor in the cereal which can vary within a given cereal (for example, low-versus high-ß-glucan barley), the spectrum and concentration of enzymes used, the type of animal (poultry tend to be more responsive to enzyme treatment than pigs), and the age of the animal (young animals tend to respond better to enzymes than older animals), type of gut micro flora present and the physiology of the bird.
Abstract: This review paper is prepared with objective of to revise the available scientific information about the role and source of enzyme supplementation in poultry ration. The biggest single expense in any system of poultry production is feed accounting for up to 70% of total production cost per bird. The poultry industry readily accepts enzymes as a sta...
Show More
Comparative Study of Effects of Electrode Materials and Catholyte on Simultaneous Generation of Bioelectricity and Waste water Treatment
Anuforo Henry Uzoma,
Ogbulie Tochukwu Ekwutosi,
Akujobi Campbell Onyeka
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
8-20
Received:
23 December 2016
Accepted:
6 January 2017
Published:
24 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijbc.20160101.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Improvement of the parameters which limit the harvest of energy in microbial fuel cell (MFC) is paramount to increase its output and promote commercial application of the technology. Six dual chamber MFCs with either potassium permanganate or potassium ferricyanide as electron acceptor and various combinations of carbon and copper rods as electrodes produced maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.97V, 1.23V, 1.34V, 0.75V, 1.03V and 0.63V. The power density (at Rext = 1000Ω), which increased with decreasing external resistance until 200Ω beyond which it decreased, peaked at 79.27mW/m2 (105.7mA/m2), 156.32mW/m2 (148.4mA/m2), 92.29mW/m2 (114.0mA/m2), 60.94mW/m2 (92.6mA/m2), 39.94mW/m2 (75.0mA/m2) and 14.21mW/m2 (44.70mA/m2) for the MFCs. Similarly, coulombic efficiency (CE) were 69%, 84%, 74%, 76%,72% and 5.10%, while COD removal were 65%, 51%, 47%, 83%, 48% and 49%. Above results indicated that potassium permanganate outperformed potassium ferricyanide, while use of carbon as both electrodes was better than other blends copper and/or carbon used in the study. Lactobacillus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Aeromonas spp., Micrococcus lyteus, Corynebacterium spp., Cladosporium, Aspergillus versicolour, Candida albicans, A. flavus, Aspergillus nidulans, Trichoderma spp. and Aspergillus fumigatus were microorganisms isolated from the piggery wastewater. Further studies using cheaper, more sustainable materials with better effects on the setup are necessary.
Abstract: Improvement of the parameters which limit the harvest of energy in microbial fuel cell (MFC) is paramount to increase its output and promote commercial application of the technology. Six dual chamber MFCs with either potassium permanganate or potassium ferricyanide as electron acceptor and various combinations of carbon and copper rods as electrode...
Show More
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Study of Some (E)-3-(5-Bromothiophen-2-yl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-ones
P. Christuraj,
P. R. Rajakumar,
C. Geetha,
G. Vanangamudi,
R. Arulkumran,
R. Sundararajan,
G. Thirunarayanan
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
21-30
Received:
9 December 2016
Accepted:
4 January 2017
Published:
24 January 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijbc.20160101.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: About eleven substituted (E)-3-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-ones have been synthesized by Crossed-Aldol condensation using simple stirring of 5-bromo-2-thiophen aldehyde and various substituted acetophenones at room temperature. The obtained yields of this condensation was more than 89%. They are characterized by their analytical, UV, FT-IR and NMR spectral data. The antimicrobial activities of all synthesized chalcones have been evaluated by Bauer-Kirby disc diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial and fungal strains. From the mm of zone of inhibition values the anti-bacterial and antifungal activities of all ketones have been discussed.
Abstract: About eleven substituted (E)-3-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-ones have been synthesized by Crossed-Aldol condensation using simple stirring of 5-bromo-2-thiophen aldehyde and various substituted acetophenones at room temperature. The obtained yields of this condensation was more than 89%. They are characterized by their analytical, UV,...
Show More
