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Review on: Impact of Seed-Borne Pathogens on Seed Quality
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
77-81
Received:
28 July 2020
Accepted:
11 August 2020
Published:
23 November 2020
Abstract: Healthy seed plays an important role for the successful cultivation of all types of crops. Crop response to other inputs largely depends on quality seed. It is estimated that good quality seed alone can contribute about 18 to 20% increasing crop yield keepingall the other inputs constant. However, there are many factors that affect seed quality especially health quality of seed such as all biotic and abiotic factors. Among various factors that affect seed health are the seed borne pathogens that not only subordinate seed germination, but also reduce seed vigor resulting in low yield and yield components of all crops. Seed borne pathogens not merely the cause for reduction of germination capability of crop seeds but also responsible for variation of plant morphology in the field and reducing yield up to 15 to 90%. Therefore, it is important to maintain the seed health by using different scientific seed health examination and treatments.
Abstract: Healthy seed plays an important role for the successful cultivation of all types of crops. Crop response to other inputs largely depends on quality seed. It is estimated that good quality seed alone can contribute about 18 to 20% increasing crop yield keepingall the other inputs constant. However, there are many factors that affect seed quality esp...
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Phosphorus Fertilizer Effects on Haricot Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties on Andisols of Sidama, Ethiopia
Melkamu Hordofa Sigaye,
Kidist Kebede,
Ribka Mekuria,
Belstie Lulie,
Ashenafi Nigussei
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
82-87
Received:
18 August 2020
Accepted:
23 September 2020
Published:
23 November 2020
Abstract: Phosphorus is the most important essential mineral nutrient which commonly restricts the growth and development of crops, associated with early maturity of crops, and for adequate grain production, energy transfer, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation. Field experiment was conducted during 2018-2020 at, Sidama Ethiopia to determine the yield response of haricot bean varieties to phosphorus fertilizer application. The treatment consisted of three haricot bean varieties (Hawassadume, Ibbado and Nasir) and five phosphorus levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg Pha-1) and laid out in randomized complete block design in factorial combination with three replications. The study result revealed that the maximum grain yield of Hawassa dume (25.6 t ha-1), Ibbado (22.4 t ha-1) and Nasir (21.1t ha-1) were obtained from application of 40 kg P ha-1. Hawassa dume variety showed the best performance in all parameters followed by Nasir where and Ibado showed the least except in 1000 seed weight. The result of economic analysis revealed that all treatments were economically feasible as the net benefit values were greater than zero (NBV>0). Likewise, Hawassa dume was found to be the most productive cultivar for economical production in the study areas. Thus, based on the result obtained, it was possible to conclude that phosphorus fertilizer rate of 40kg P ha-1 was promising to enhance yield of haricot bean at Sidama, Ethiopia and similar areas which have the same soil property.
Abstract: Phosphorus is the most important essential mineral nutrient which commonly restricts the growth and development of crops, associated with early maturity of crops, and for adequate grain production, energy transfer, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation. Field experiment was conducted during 2018-2020 at, Sidama Ethiopia to determine the yield respo...
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Response of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) Varieties to the Application Rates of Phosphorus in Ambasel District, North-eastern Ethiopian Lowlands
Getachew Hussen,
Mekonnen Asrat,
Ahadu Menzer
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
88-98
Received:
21 May 2020
Accepted:
24 August 2020
Published:
23 November 2020
Abstract: Phosphorus fertilizers have a great importance for mung bean (Vigna radiata). It not only increases the yield and yield components of the crop but also improve the quality of the produce. This experiment was designed to evaluate the performance of phosphorus application rates on different mung bean varieties. The experiment was conducted at Robbitkebele in Ambasel district on the land of fruit development and seedling nursery of Amhara Development Association (ADA). It was carried out under rain fed conation of 2016 main season. The effects of P application rate on yield and yield components of the crop were studied using three varieties (N26, NVL-1 and Shewarobit). The varieties were received four levels of phosphorus (0, 23, 46and 69 kg ha-1 P2O5) with factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) and the treatments replicated three times. The results showed that application of P significantly affected total mung bean yield. Main effects of crop varieties and phosphorus rate were showed significant influence on thedays to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, harvest index, biomass yield, and seed weight per plant. However, days to emergence, stand count at emergence, and stand count at harvest were not significantly affected by individual effects of crop variety and P rate. The maximum plant height, number of seeds per pod and 100 seeds weight were obtained due to planting mung bean N26 variety. The maximum weight of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant, biomass yield harvest index and grain yield were recorded by NVL 1 variety meanwhile the lowest grain yield obtained by Shewarobit variety. Mung bean N26 variety and 69 kg ha-1 P2O5 treatment produce the highest yield. Application of phosphorus up to 46 kgha-1 P2O5 increased number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed yield, harvest index, biomass yield, yield and 100 seed weight in a rapid change but application of more dose of phosphorus increase the yield at low rate. Based on the economic analysis application of 46 kg ha-1 P for variety NVL1, and 69 kg P for N26 and Shewarobit varieties were economically feasible.
Abstract: Phosphorus fertilizers have a great importance for mung bean (Vigna radiata). It not only increases the yield and yield components of the crop but also improve the quality of the produce. This experiment was designed to evaluate the performance of phosphorus application rates on different mung bean varieties. The experiment was conducted at Robbitk...
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Review on Production Systems, Farmers Trait Preferences and Breeding Practice of Indigenous Sheep Breeds in Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
99-104
Received:
23 October 2020
Accepted:
3 November 2020
Published:
23 November 2020
Abstract: In Ethiopia sheep serve as a source of income, meat, milk, skin, manure and employment for smallholder rural farmers. Sheep are the most preferred animals by rural poor communities as they require small investment, have shorter production cycles faster growth rates and greater environmental adaptability as compare to large ruminant. The objective of this senior seminar is reviewing on Production Systems, Selection criteria and Breeding practice of indigenous Sheep Breeds in Ethiopia. Rural households are practicing animal husbandry in diverse production systems and climatic zone which are classified as three major different production systems; highland sheep-barely, mixed crop-livestock and pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems. However, sheep production and productivity in the country is challenged by scarcity of feed, diseases outbreak, poor infrastructure, lack of market information, lack of knowledge, absence of planned breeding programs and policies. The existed sheep type in the country is really the output of human intervention and natural selection. Traits like coat color, tail type, horn and ear size of sheep can also have dynamic effect on the price of sheep marketing. For selecting breeding ram’s farmers consider different traits like body conformation, coat color, tail type/size, growth rate, sexual drives, dentation and the quality of being adapted and record of ancestors. Breeding ewes are selected by farmers as a replacement stock based on their Coat color, twining ability, lamb growth, lamb survival, age at first lambing and lambing intervals. In Ethiopia the main objective of sheep production is to provide income, meat, milk, skin, manure and employment for smallholder rural farmers. In Ethiopia both pure-breeding and crossbreeding are the most common sheep breeding practice. Farmers practice both selection and crossbreeding to improve their breeding stocks. Therefore, the economic value each trait should be assessed because it influenced the market value of sheep and the decision of farmers in selecting breeding stocks. The establishment of standard marketing systems and market information calls further investigation.
Abstract: In Ethiopia sheep serve as a source of income, meat, milk, skin, manure and employment for smallholder rural farmers. Sheep are the most preferred animals by rural poor communities as they require small investment, have shorter production cycles faster growth rates and greater environmental adaptability as compare to large ruminant. The objective o...
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Assessment of Honeybee Diseases, Enemies and Their Control Mechanisms in Gondar Zuria District, North Gondar, Ethiopia
Assefa Adane,
Barkot Yonis,
Tsehaynesh Fentahun
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
105-109
Received:
15 June 2020
Accepted:
28 June 2020
Published:
27 November 2020
Abstract: The study was conducted in Gondar Zuria District, North Gondar to assess honeybee disease, enemies and their control mechanisms. For this study three peasant associations were selected through purposive sampling. From each peasant association 20 respondents were selected by systematic random sampling and data collected using semi-structured questioner, observation; and were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result revealed that disease like Nosema (43.3%), Chalk brood (30.0%), Varroa mites (8.3%) and bee paralysis (18.3%) and from enemies such as ant (43.3%), bird (16.7%), termites (28.3%) and wildcat (11.7%) were found in the study area, However, farmers use different control mechanism like cleaning the hive, keeping the colony strong, putting of ash on their nest and regular inspection of the hive the apiary site should be free from those chemical’s like insecticide and herbicide sprayed on foraging flowers and beekeepers should take some measures or negotiate with scrap growers and problem is observed poor traditional system of management like watering feeding and health care management most of the beekeepers is traditionally. There are three types of beekeeping systems; traditional (80.0%), transitional (16.7%) and modern (3.3%), but traditional hive is more affected by disease than other. All of the respondent in the study area there are number of challenges for honeybee. In general honey bee production potential of farmers in the area is constrained by various challenges especially by bee diseases and enemies. The most important bee disease in the area was found Nosema and the prime enemies are ant those impede productivity of honey bee in the area. There should be given good extension service and sustainable awareness creation through various means of incentives to empower beekeepers for controlling of bee diseases and enemies by coordinating their indigenous knowledge with the scientific methods.
Abstract: The study was conducted in Gondar Zuria District, North Gondar to assess honeybee disease, enemies and their control mechanisms. For this study three peasant associations were selected through purposive sampling. From each peasant association 20 respondents were selected by systematic random sampling and data collected using semi-structured questio...
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Yield and Agronomic Performance of Selected Semi-dwarf Tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) Genotypes under Irrigation Farming System in Ethiopia
Tsion Fikre,
Yazachew Genet,
Worku Kebede,
Kidist Tolossa,
Solomon Chanyalew,
Mengistu Demissie,
Kebebew Assefa,
Atinkut Fentahun,
Esuyawkal Demis,
Tadiyos Bayisa,
Zerihun Tadele
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
110-119
Received:
27 October 2020
Accepted:
18 November 2020
Published:
27 November 2020
Abstract: Tef is a foremost staple cereal crop with considerable role in the domestic GDP of Ethiopia. In diverse parts of Ethiopia, declining levels and high variability of rainfall is among the main causes for low crop productivity. Therefore, the study was designed to assess, pinpoint and recommend promising tef breeding lines suitable for irrigation farming conditions in the semi-arid, temperate and cool sub-humid agro-ecologies of Ethiopia. The experimental plant materials comprised forty- nine tef genotypes including forty seven recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and two standard checks varieties Quncho and Boset. The forty-seven RILs were out-sourced from three simple crosses of four parental lines. The field experiment was conducted using 7×7 simple lattice designs at three locations (Mehoni, Koga and Werer) during 2016 and 2017. Data were taken on plot and individual plant basis on nine pheno-agro-morphological characters including days to heading and to maturity, grain filling period, plant height, culm length, panicle length, above-ground shoot biomass, grain yield and harvest index. The three locations displayed highly significant (P<0.001) differences for a number of traits. However, panicle length did not show marked difference between locations. The cropping seasons has also showed highly significant (P<0.001) variation aside from plant height. Averaged over locations and seasons, differences among the genotypes were significant for all traits except days to maturity. The pooled result at the two locations (Mehoni and Koga) showed Kaye Murri X 3774-13 RIL 55 has the maximum yield of 3.1 t ha-1. Thus, it is suggested to use the selected genotype for the sites and similar agro-ecologies. The use of irrigation system showed merit of achieving maximum yield of 4.7 t ha-1 at Mehoni during 2016 (Kaye Murri X 3774-13 RIL 66), but this is not consistent over locations and years. Nowadays, straw also has comparable values to grain yield, hence, the highest aboveground shoot biomass yield and lowest harvest index were indicated by Kaye Murri X 3774-13 RIL 110. Consequently, it would be advisable to use both (Kaye Murri X 3774-13 RIL 66 and Kaye Murri X 3774-13 RIL 110) to further test in the breeding program.
Abstract: Tef is a foremost staple cereal crop with considerable role in the domestic GDP of Ethiopia. In diverse parts of Ethiopia, declining levels and high variability of rainfall is among the main causes for low crop productivity. Therefore, the study was designed to assess, pinpoint and recommend promising tef breeding lines suitable for irrigation farm...
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Serological and Molecular Characterization Detects Unique Rice Yellow Mottle Virus Strains in Kenya
Anthony Simiyu Mabele,
Benard Mukoye,
Denis Misiko Mukhongo
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020
Pages:
120-124
Received:
10 November 2020
Accepted:
23 November 2020
Published:
30 November 2020
Abstract: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an economically important food crop in western Kenya but its production remains very low due to abiotic and biotic constraints. Rice yellow mottle disease (RYMD) caused by Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV, genus: Sobemovirus) can cause up to 100% yield loss. This study characterized and determined the genetic diversity of RYMV strains in the ten isolates collected in February 2020 from both symptomatic and asymptomatic plants in western Kenya. The samples from the two rice fields A and B had two major common rice varieties of IR; field A (IR 2793) and field B (IR 2793-8-1). Total RNA was extracted using GeneJET Plant RNA Purification Mini Kit followed by RT-PCR using RYMV CP specific primers. The PCR products were sequenced by Sanger sequencing technology. Phylogenetic analysis was done by MEGA X. RYMV presence was confirmed serologically by DAS-ELISA. Isolates Ke_A1, KeB3 and KeB4 are novel sequences. KeB3 and KeB4 isolates clustered uniquely from the other Kenyan sequences depicting new evolutionary diversity. KeB3 and KeB4 shared 99% sequence identity with Ke105 and Ke101, while isolate Ke_A1 shared 98% identity with Ke101 and 99% with Ke105. Phylogenetic analysis of the CP gene sequences revealed that the isolates from Uganda (Ug), Kenya (Ke) and Tanzania (Tz) clustered together by country, implying that there was a possibility of single introduction of the RYMV CP gene in the three East African (EA) countries once, before further local viral diversity occurred in each country with new recombinations for further research.
Abstract: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an economically important food crop in western Kenya but its production remains very low due to abiotic and biotic constraints. Rice yellow mottle disease (RYMD) caused by Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV, genus: Sobemovirus) can cause up to 100% yield loss. This study characterized and determined the genetic diversity of RY...
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