The present study was aimed at investigating in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) and in vivo antigout activity extracts of celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia. The degree of XO inhibitory activity was determined by measuring the absorbance spectrophotometrically at 295 nm, which is associated with uric acid formation which is linked to gout. Our preliminary screening study had employed the use of distilled water, and absolute ethanol to determine XOI from celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia. In general, our study showed that the ethanolic extracts were found to be more active than the aqueous extracts. Further in-vivo antigout was studied gout induced in rats by potassium oxonate. A total of 36 male albino rats were randomly divided into 6 equal groups. Group 1 negative control given only standard diet, and group 2-6 given Potassium oxonic acid (250 mg/kg, i.p.), Potassium oxonate an uricase inhibitor was used to induce gout. Oral administration (G3, G4, and G5) of celery, leek, parsley (5 g/Kg), and (G6) molokhia (4.8 g/Kg) showed a significant decrease in uric acid, and Creatinine levels in the gouty rats. All extracts (celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia) have shown significant decrease in level of Malonaldehyde (MDA) and increase in activity of antioxidant enzyme level, comparable to positive rat (G2). No significant changes between all extracts used and negative control in gain weights and organic phosphorus was noticed. The results showed that increasing serum total calcium level with extracts of celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia in comparison to positive control. The celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia extracts have some protective effects on the gout.
| Published in | Advances in Biochemistry (Volume 3, Issue 4) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ab.20150304.11 |
| Page(s) | 40-50 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Celery, Leek, Parsley, Molokhia, Gout, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory
| [1] | Singh, H.; Krishna, G. and Baske, P.K.(2010). Plants used in the treatment of joint diseases (rheumatism, arthritis, gout and lumbago) in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, India. Rep. Opin. 2: 22-26. |
| [2] | Falasca, G.F. (2006). Metabolic diseases: gout. Clin. Dermatol24:498-508. |
| [3] | Haidari, F.; Rashidi, M. R.; Keshavarz, S. A.; Mahboob, S. A.; Eshraghian, M. R. and Shahi, M. M. (2008).Effects of onion on serum uricacid levels and hepatic xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthineoxidase activities in hyperuricemic rats. Pak J Biol Sci. 11: 1779-84. |
| [4] | Dalbeth, N. and Haskard, D. O. (2005).Mechanisms of inflammation in gout. Rheumatology 44: 1090-1096. |
| [5] | Corrado, A.; D'Onofrio, F.; Santoro, N.; Melillo, N. and Cantatore, F. P. (2006).Pathogenesis, clinical findings and management of acute and chronic gout. Minerva Med. 97: 495-509. |
| [6] | Bieber, J. D. and Terkeltaub, R. A. (2004).Gout on the Brink of Novel Therapeutic Options for an Ancient Disease.Arthritis & rheumatism 50 (8): 2400–2414. |
| [7] | González, A. G.; Bazzocchi, I. L.; Moujir, L.; Ravelo, A. G.; Correa, M. D. and Gupta, M. P. (1995). Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of some Panamanian plants from celastraceae and lamiaceae. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46 (1): 25-29. |
| [8] | Ramallo, I. A., Zacchino, S. A. and Furlan, R. L. E. (2006).A rapid TLC autographic method for the detection of xanthine oxidase inhibitors and superoxide scavengers. Phytochemical Analysis 17 (1): 15-19. |
| [9] | Moriwaki, Y. (2014).Effects on Uric Acid Metabolism of the Drugs except the Antihy peruricemics. J. Bioequiv Availab. 6 (1):10-17. |
| [10] | Nile, S. H. and Khobragade, C. N. (2011).In-vitro anti-inflammatory and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Tephrosia purpurea L. shoot extract. Nat. Product Comm. 6: 1437-1440. |
| [11] | Battelli, M. G.; Corte, E. D. and Stirpe, F. (1972). Xanthine oxidase type D (dehydrogenase) in the intestine and other organs of the rat. Biochemical Journal 126 (3):747-749. |
| [12] | Unno, T.; Sugimoto, A. and Kakuda, T. (2004).Xanthine oxidase inhibitors from the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. J Ethnopharmacol 93:391-5. |
| [13] | Sweeney, A.P.; Wyllie, S.G.; Shalliker, R.A. and Markham, J.L.(2001).Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of selected Australian native plants.J. Ethnopharmacol. 75: 273-277. |
| [14] | Kong, L. D.; Abliz, Z.; Zhou, C. X.; Li, L. J.; Cheng, C. H. K. and Tan, R. X. (2001).Glycosides and xanthine oxidaseinhibitors from Conyza bonariensis. Phytochemistry 58 (4): 645-651. |
| [15] | Umamaheswari, M.; Asok Kumar, K.; Somasundaram, A.; Sivashanmugam, T.; Subhadradevi, V. and Ravi, T. K. (2007).Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of someIndian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 109 (3): 547-551. |
| [16] | Berry, C. E. and Hare, J. M. (2004).Xanthine oxidoreductase and cardiovascular disease: Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological implications. J. Physiol. 555: 589-606. |
| [17] | Nguyen, M. T. T.; Awale, S.; Tezuka, Y.; Tran, Q.L.; Watanabe, H. and Kadota, S. (2004)Xnthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Vietnames medicinal plants. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27: 1414-1421. |
| [18] | Strazzullo, P. and Puig, J.G. (2007).Uric acid and oxidative stress: Relative impact on cardiovascular risk. Nutr.Metab.Cardiovasc. Dis. 17: 409-414. |
| [19] | Wang, Y.; Zhu, J. X.; Kong, L. D. Yang, C.; Cheng, C. H. and Zhang, X. (2004).Administration of procyanidins from grape seeds reduces serumuric acid levels and decreases hepatic xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase activities in oxonate-treated mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 94: 232-7. |
| [20] | Kong, L. D.; Yang, C.; Ge, F.; Wang, H. D. and Song, G. Y.(2004). A Chinese herbal medicine Ermiao wan reduces serum uric acid level and inhibits liver xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 93: 325–330. |
| [21] | Abd Aziz, S. M.; Low, C. N.; Chai, L. C.; Abd Razak, S. S. N.; Selamat, J.; Son, R.; Sarker, M. Z. I. and Khatib, A. (2011).Screening of selected Malaysian plants against several food borne pathogen bacteria. International Food Research Journal 18(3)1195-1201. |
| [22] | Costantino, L.; Albasini, A.; Rastelli, G. and Benvenuti, S. (1992). Activity of polyphenolic crude extracts as scavengers of superoxide radicals and inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. Planta Medica 58: 342-344. |
| [23] | Chang, W. S.; Lee, Y. J.; Lu, F. J. and Chiang, H. C. (1993).Inhibitory effects of flavonoids on xanthine oxidase.Anticancer Research 13: 2165-2170. |
| [24] | Selloum, L.; Reichl, S.; Muller, M.; Sebihi, L. and Arnhold, J. (2001).Effects of flavonols on the generation of superoxide anion radicals by xanthine oxidase and stimulated neutrophils. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 395 (1): 49-56. |
| [25] | Chang, W. S. and Chiang, H. C. (1995).Structure activity of coumarins in xanthine oxidase inhibition. Anticancer Research 15: 1969-1974. |
| [26] | Cheung, M.C.; Lin, L. Y.; Yu, T. H. and Peng, R. Y. (2008).Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of mountian celery seed essential oils. J Agric Food Chem. 56 (11): 3997-4003. |
| [27] | Tsi, D.; Das, N.P. and Tan, B. K. (1995). Effects of aqueous celery (Apium graveolens) extract on lipid parameters of rats fed a high fat diet. Planta Med. 61: 18-21. |
| [28] | Onyeagba, R. A.; Ugbogu, O. C.; Okeke, C. U AndIroakasi, O. (2004). Studies On TheAntimicrobial Effects Of Garlic (Allium SativumLinn), Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) AndLime (Citrus Aurantifolia Linn). Afr.J.Biotechnol. 3:552-554. |
| [29] | Garth, L. N. And Rita, E. (2006). LipidReplacement And Antioxidant NutritionalTherapy For Restoring Mitochondrial FunctionAnd Reducing Fatigue In Chronic Fatigue Syndrome And Other Fatiguing Illnesses. Journal Of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 13(1): 57-68. |
| [30] | Lopez, M. G.; Sanchez-Mendoza, I. R. and Ochoa-Alejo, N.(1999). Compartive study of volatile components and fatty acids of plants and in-vitro cultures of parsley Petroselinum crispum (Mill) nym ex hill. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 3292–3296. |
| [31] | Ozsoy-Sacan O, Yanardag R, Orak H, Ozgey Y, Yarat A and Tunali T.(2006).Effects of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) extract versus glibornuride on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 104: 175-181. |
| [32] | Fejes, S. Z.; Blazovics, A.; Lemberkovics, E.; Petri, G.; Szoke, E. and Kery, A.(2000).Free radical scavenging and membrane protective effects of methanol extracts from Anthriscus cerefolium (Hoffm) L. and Petroselinum crispum(Mill) Nym. Ex A. W. Hill. Phytother. Res. 14: 362–365. |
| [33] | Peterson, S.; Lampe, J.W.; Bammler, T. K.; Gross-Steinmeyer, K. and Eaton, D. L. (2006).Apiaceous vegetable constituents inhibit human cytochrome P-450 1A2 (hCYP1A2) activity and hCYP1A2-mediated mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44: 1474–1484. |
| [34] | Zeghichi, S.; Kallithkara, S. and Simopoulus, A. P. (2003).Nutritional composition of Molokhia (Corchorus olitorius) and Stammagathi (Cichorium spinosum) in plants, in human health and nutritional policy. Simopoulus, A. P and C. Gopalan (Eds.) Karger, Basel, pp 1-21. |
| [35] | Abu- Hadid, A. F.; El-Shinawy, M. Z.; El-Bethagy, A. S.; Gaafer, S. A.; Medany, M. (1994).Studies on the production of off-season Jew’s mallow (Molokhia) in Egypt. Egypt J. Hort. 21:187-193. |
| [36] | Azuma, K.; Nakayama, M.; Koshioka, M.; Ippoushi, K.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Kohara, K.; Yamauchi, Y.; Ito, H. and Higashio, H.(1999).Phenolic antioxidants from the leaves of Corchorus olitorius L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 3963–3966. |
| [37] | Harborne, J. B. (1998). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern technique of plant analysis, 3rd edn. London: Chapmann & Hall. |
| [38] | Naseem, S. A.; Muhammad, F.; Muzammil, H. N.; Kouser, B. M. and Aurangzeb, H. (2006). Activity of polyphenolic plant extracts as scavengers of free radicals and inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. The Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2 (1). |
| [39] | Haidari, F.; Keshavarz, S. A.; Shahi, M. M.; Mahboob, S. A.and Rashidi, M. (2011).Effects of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and its Flavonol Constituents, Kaempferol and Quercetin, on Serum Uric Acid Levels, Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Liver Xanthine Oxidoreductase Aactivity in Oxonate-Induced Hyperuricemic Rats.Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 10 (4): 811-819. |
| [40] | Das, A. K.; Bag, S.; Sahu, R.; Dua, T. K.; Sinha, M. K.; Gangopadhyay, M.; Zaman, K. and Dewanjee, S. (2010). Protective effect of Corchorus olitorius leaves on sodium arsenite-induced toxicity in experimental rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 48:326–335. |
| [41] | Mahgoub, S., El-Sharkawi, F. & Badary, O. (2007) Effect of Molokhia soup on blood sugar, hepatic antioxidant status & plasma lipid profile in diabetic rats. The Egyptian journal of biochemistry & molecular biology (EJBMB), 25, 305-325. |
| [42] | Hall, I. H.; Scoville, J. P.; Reynolds, D. J.; Simlot, R. and Duncan, P. (1990).Substituted cyclic imides as potential anti-gout agents.Life Sci. 46: 1923-1927. |
| [43] | Ledwozyw A, Michalak J,.Stepien A, Kadziolka A.(1986). The relationship between plasma triglycerides,cholesterol, total lipids and lipid peroxidationproducts during human atherosclerosis. Clin. Chim. Acta 155: 275-284. |
| [44] | Marklund, S.L. and Marklund, G. (1974) Involvement ofsuperoxide anion radical in the autoxidation ofpyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxidedismutase. Eur. J. Biochem,; 47: 469–474. |
| [45] | Sinha, A. K. (1972) Colorimetric assay of Catalase. Anal. Biochem 47: 389–394. |
| [46] | Rotruk, J. T.; Pope, A. L.; Ganther, H. E.; Swanson, A. B.; Hafeman, D. G. and Hekstra, W. G.(1973). Selenium, biochemical role as a component of glutathioneperoxidase purification and assay. Science 179: 588–590. |
| [47] | King, J. (1965). The hydrolases-acid and alkalinephosphatases, In: Van D (ed), Practical clinicalenzymology, Nostrand Company Limited, London, pp, 191-208. |
| [48] | Varley, H.; Gewenlock, A. and Bell, M. (1980).Practical Clinical Biochemistry. Vol. 1. 5th edn, pp. 741, 897. London: William Heinemen Medical. Books, Ltd. |
| [49] | Larsen, K. (1972).Creatinine assay by a reaction kinetic principle.Clin.Chem. Acta. 41: 209-213. |
| [50] | Caraway, W. T. (1955).Determination of uric acid in serum by a carbonate method Amer. J. of Clin. Pathology2: 840-845. |
| [51] | Lowry, O. H.; Rosebrough, N. J.; Farr, A. I and Randall, R. J.(1951).Protein measurement with the folin phenolreagent. J. Biol. Chem 193: 265-275. |
| [52] | Ferguson, E.; Vaughan, A. and Swale, J.(1976). A method for the estimation of total calcium in serum or heparinized plasma. Clinica Chimica Acta 67(3): 281–286. |
| [53] | Fiske C. H. and Subbarow Y. (1925).The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. J Biol Chem 66:375-400. |
| [54] | Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W.G. (1980).Statistical methods Book, p420, 7th Ed Iowa Stat Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa, USA. |
| [55] | Landis, R. C. and Haskard, D. O. (2001). Pathogenesis of crystalinduced inflammation. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 3:36-41. |
| [56] | Bowman, W. C. and Rand, M. J.(1980).Text book of pharmacology, 2nd ed. Blackwell, Sydney 243-244. |
| [57] | Halliwell, B.and Gutteridge, J. M. C. (2001). Free radicals in biology and medicine, 3rd ed. Oxford University press, Oxford 28-30. |
| [58] | Mazzali, M.; Hughes, J.; Kim, Y.; Jefferson, J.A.; Kang, D. and Gordon, K.L. (2001). Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism. Hypertension. 38, 1101-1106. |
| [59] | Nakagawa, T; Mazzali, M.; Kang, D.; Sanchez-Lozada, L. G.; Herrera-Acosta, J. and Johnson, R.J. (2006).Uric acid – a uremic toxin? Blood. Purif. 24, 67-70. |
| [60] | Choi, J. W. and Ford,E. S. (2008).Sugar Sweetened Soft Drinks, Diet Soft Drinks, and Serum Uric Acid Level: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,” Ar - thritis & Rheumatism 59 (1): 109-116. |
| [61] | Mayes, P. A. (1993).Intermediary Metabolism of Fructose,” Ame- rican Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58 (5): 754S-765S. |
| [62] | Kumar, A.; Edward, N.; White, M. I.; Johnston, P.W. and Catto, G. R.(1996).Allopurinol, erythema multiforme and renal insufficiency. BMJ. 312, 173-174. |
| [63] | Wallach, S.L. (1998).The side effects of allopurinol. Hosp. Pract. 33, 22. |
| [64] | Mo, S. F.; Zhou, F.; Lv, Y. Z.; Hu, Q. H.; Zhang, D. M. and Kong, L. D. (2007). Hypouricemic action of selected flavonoids in mice: structure–activity relationships. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30: 1551-1556. |
| [65] | Lin, C. M.; Chen, C. S.;Chen, C. T.; Liang, Y. C. and Lin, J. K. (2002).Molecular modeling of flavonoids that inhibits XO. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 294: 167–172. |
| [66] | Azmi, S. M. N.; Jamal, P. and Amid, A. (2012).Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity from potential Malaysian medicinal plant as remedies for gout.International Food Research Journal 19(1): 159-165. |
| [67] | Zhou, K. and Yu, L.(2006).Total phenolic contents and antioxidant properties of commonly consumed vegetables grown in Colorado.Food Sci. Technol. 39, 1155–1162. |
| [68] | Halliwell, B.; Gutteridge, J. M. C.; FreeSreeramulu, D. and Raghunath, M. (2010). Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of roots, tubers and vegetables commonly consumed in India. Food Res 43, 1017–1020. |
| [69] | Yoshisue, K.; Masuda, H.; Matsushima, E.; Ikeda, K.; Nagayama, S. and Kawaguchi, Y. (2000). Tissue distribution and biotransformation of potassium oxonate after oral administration of a novel antitumor agent (drug combination of tegafur, 5-chloro-2, 4-dihydroxypyridine, and potassium oxonate) to rats. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 28, 1162–1167. |
| [70] | Leal-Pinto, E.; Cohen, B. E.; Lipkowitz, M. S. and Abramson, R.G. (2002).Functional analysis and molecular model of the human urate transporter/ channel, hUAT. The American Journal of Physiology—Renal Physiology 283, F150–F163. |
| [71] | Hosoyamada, M.; Ichida, K.; Enomoto, A.; Hosoya, T. and Endou, H.(2004).Function and localization of urate transporter 1 in mouse kidney.Journalof the American Society of Nephrology 15, 261–268. |
| [72] | Lipkowitz, M. S.; Leal-Pinto, E.; Cohen, B. E. and Abramson, R. G.(2004). Galectin9 is the sugar-regulated urate transporter/channel UAT. Glycoconjugate Journal 19, 491–498. |
| [73] | Zhao, X.; Zhu, J.X.; Mo, S.F.; Pan, Y. and Kong, L.D. (2006). Effects of cassia oil on serum and hepatic uric acid levels in oxonate-induced mice and xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase activities in mouse liver. J. Ethnopharmacol. 103: 357–365. |
| [74] | Zhu, J.X.; Wang, Y.; Kong, L.D.; Yang, C. and Zhang, X. (2004).Effects of Biota orientalis extract an dits flavonoid constituents, quercetin and rutin on serum uric acid levels in oxonate-induced mice and xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase activities in mouse liver. J. Ethnopharmacol. 93: 133-140. |
| [75] | Neguyen, M. T. T.; Awale, S.; Tezuka, Y.; Shi, L.; Zaidi, S. F. H. and Ueda, J. (2005). Hypouricemic effects of acacetin and 4, 5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester on serum uric acid levels in potassium oxonate-pretreated rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28: 2231-2234. |
| [76] | Nuki G.(2006). Gout. Medicine 34: 417-423. |
| [77] | Duke, J. A. (1997).The Green Pharmacy. Rodale Press, Pennsylvania. |
| [78] | Balch, C. N. C.; James, F. and Phyllis, A. (1997).Prescription for Nutritional Healing. Avery Publishing Group, New York. |
| [79] | Doha, S. (2008). Evaluation of anti-gout activity of some plant food extracts. Polish J. of Food and Nutr. Sci.,58: 389-395. |
| [80] | Nehal, M. A. (2011). Hepatoprotective effect of feeding celery leaves mixed with Chicory leaves and barley grains to hypercholesterolemic rats. Pharmacog.Magaz.,7: 151-156. |
| [81] | Ang, J. F. and Miller, W.B. (1991).Multiple functions of powdered cellulose as a food ingredient.Cereal Foods World 36, 558-564. |
| [82] | Thebaudin, J. Y.; Lefobvre, A. C.; Harrington, M. and Bourgeois, C. M.(1997). Dietary fibers: Nutritional and technological interest. Trends in Food Science and Technology 8, 41-48. |
| [83] | Dorant, E.; Van Den, P. A. and Goldbohm, R. A. (1996). A Prospective Cohort Study On The Relationship Between Onion And Leek Consumption, Garlic Supplement Use And The Risk Of Colorectal Carcinoma In The Netherlands. Carcinogenesis Mar 17(3):477-84. |
| [84] | Riley, D. M.; Bianchini, F. and Vainio, H.(2001). Allium Vegetables And Organosulfur Compounds: Do They Help Prevent Cancer. Environ Health Perspect. Sep 109(9):893-902. |
| [85] | Ramprasad, V. R.; Shanthi, P. and Sachdanandam, P. (2005). Evaluation of antioxidant effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn.nut extract on the components of immune system in adjuvant arthritis. Vasc. Pharmacol. 42: 179-186. |
| [86] | Sabina, E. P.; Chandel, S. and Rasool, M. Kh. (2008). Inhibition of Monosodium Urate Crystal-Induced Inflammation by Withaferin A. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 11 (4): 46-55. |
| [87] | Francis, G. W. and Isaksen, M. (1989).Droplet counter current chromatography of the carotenoids of parsley Petroselinum crispum. Chromatographia 27: 549–551. |
| [88] | Davey, M. W.; Bauw, G. and Montagu, M. V.(1996).Analysis of ascorbate in plant tissues by high performance capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal. Biochem. 239: 8–19. |
| [89] | Vijayalakshmi, B. and Chandrasekhar, M. (2008). Oxidative stress and their resultant products as the target molecules in clinical diagnosis of age related disease. Curr. Trends Biotechnol. Pharm. 2: 239-250. |
| [90] | Jin, L. and Baillie, T.A. (1997). Metabolism Of The Chemoprotective Agent Diallyl Sulfide To Glutathione Conjugates In Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 10:318–327. |
| [91] | Al Hamedan, W. A and Anfenan, M. L. Kh. (2011).Antioxidant Activity of Leek towards Free Radical Resulting from Consumption of Carbonated Meat in Rats.Life Science Journal 8 (1): 169-176. |
| [92] | Al Batran, R.; Al-Bayaty, F.; Abdulla, M. A.; Al-Obaidi, M. M. J.; Hajrezaei, M.; Hassandarvish, P.; Fouad, M.; Golbabapour, S. and Talaee, S. (2013). Gastroprotective effects of Corchorus olitorius leaf extract against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal hemorrhagic lesions in rats. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 28: 1321–1329 |
| [93] | Oyedeji, K. O. and Bolarinwa, A. F. (2013).Effect of Corchorus Olitorius Extract On Haematological and Plasma Biochemical Parameters in Male Albino Rats.Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 3(5):68-71. |
| [94] | Terkeltaub, R. (2010). Gout: Novel therapies for treatment of gout and hyperuricemia, Arthritis Research andTher.,11: 234-236. |
| [95] | Hink, H. U.; Santanam, N.; Dikalov, S.; Mc Cann, L.; Nguyen, A. D.; Parthasarathy, S.; Harrison, D. G. and Fukai,T. (2002).Peroxidase Properties of Extracellular Superoxide Dis- mutase. Role of Uric Acid in Modulating in Vivo Activity,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 22(9):1506-1508. |
| [96] | Jewett,S. L.; Rocklin, A. M.; Ghanevati, M.; Abel, J. M. and Marach, J. A.(1999).A New Look at a Time-Worn System: Oxidation of CuZn-SOD by H2O2. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 26 (7-8): 905-918. |
APA Style
Hanaa S. M. Abd El-Rahman, Nasra A. M. Abd–ELHak. (2015). Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity and Antigout of Celery Leek Parsley and Molokhia. Advances in Biochemistry, 3(4), 40-50. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20150304.11
ACS Style
Hanaa S. M. Abd El-Rahman; Nasra A. M. Abd–ELHak. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity and Antigout of Celery Leek Parsley and Molokhia. Adv. Biochem. 2015, 3(4), 40-50. doi: 10.11648/j.ab.20150304.11
AMA Style
Hanaa S. M. Abd El-Rahman, Nasra A. M. Abd–ELHak. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity and Antigout of Celery Leek Parsley and Molokhia. Adv Biochem. 2015;3(4):40-50. doi: 10.11648/j.ab.20150304.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ab.20150304.11,
author = {Hanaa S. M. Abd El-Rahman and Nasra A. M. Abd–ELHak},
title = {Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity and Antigout of Celery Leek Parsley and Molokhia},
journal = {Advances in Biochemistry},
volume = {3},
number = {4},
pages = {40-50},
doi = {10.11648/j.ab.20150304.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20150304.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ab.20150304.11},
abstract = {The present study was aimed at investigating in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) and in vivo antigout activity extracts of celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia. The degree of XO inhibitory activity was determined by measuring the absorbance spectrophotometrically at 295 nm, which is associated with uric acid formation which is linked to gout. Our preliminary screening study had employed the use of distilled water, and absolute ethanol to determine XOI from celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia. In general, our study showed that the ethanolic extracts were found to be more active than the aqueous extracts. Further in-vivo antigout was studied gout induced in rats by potassium oxonate. A total of 36 male albino rats were randomly divided into 6 equal groups. Group 1 negative control given only standard diet, and group 2-6 given Potassium oxonic acid (250 mg/kg, i.p.), Potassium oxonate an uricase inhibitor was used to induce gout. Oral administration (G3, G4, and G5) of celery, leek, parsley (5 g/Kg), and (G6) molokhia (4.8 g/Kg) showed a significant decrease in uric acid, and Creatinine levels in the gouty rats. All extracts (celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia) have shown significant decrease in level of Malonaldehyde (MDA) and increase in activity of antioxidant enzyme level, comparable to positive rat (G2). No significant changes between all extracts used and negative control in gain weights and organic phosphorus was noticed. The results showed that increasing serum total calcium level with extracts of celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia in comparison to positive control. The celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia extracts have some protective effects on the gout.},
year = {2015}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity and Antigout of Celery Leek Parsley and Molokhia AU - Hanaa S. M. Abd El-Rahman AU - Nasra A. M. Abd–ELHak Y1 - 2015/09/22 PY - 2015 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20150304.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ab.20150304.11 T2 - Advances in Biochemistry JF - Advances in Biochemistry JO - Advances in Biochemistry SP - 40 EP - 50 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2329-0862 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20150304.11 AB - The present study was aimed at investigating in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) and in vivo antigout activity extracts of celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia. The degree of XO inhibitory activity was determined by measuring the absorbance spectrophotometrically at 295 nm, which is associated with uric acid formation which is linked to gout. Our preliminary screening study had employed the use of distilled water, and absolute ethanol to determine XOI from celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia. In general, our study showed that the ethanolic extracts were found to be more active than the aqueous extracts. Further in-vivo antigout was studied gout induced in rats by potassium oxonate. A total of 36 male albino rats were randomly divided into 6 equal groups. Group 1 negative control given only standard diet, and group 2-6 given Potassium oxonic acid (250 mg/kg, i.p.), Potassium oxonate an uricase inhibitor was used to induce gout. Oral administration (G3, G4, and G5) of celery, leek, parsley (5 g/Kg), and (G6) molokhia (4.8 g/Kg) showed a significant decrease in uric acid, and Creatinine levels in the gouty rats. All extracts (celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia) have shown significant decrease in level of Malonaldehyde (MDA) and increase in activity of antioxidant enzyme level, comparable to positive rat (G2). No significant changes between all extracts used and negative control in gain weights and organic phosphorus was noticed. The results showed that increasing serum total calcium level with extracts of celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia in comparison to positive control. The celery, leek, parsley, and molokhia extracts have some protective effects on the gout. VL - 3 IS - 4 ER -
Information
Email: