American Journal of Life Sciences

| Peer-Reviewed |

Molecular Mechanism of Formalin-Induced Toxicity and Its Management

Received: 14 February 2015    Accepted: 25 February 2015    Published: 03 March 2015
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

The use of formalin (40% formaldehyde) for the preservation of food in an illegal way becoming a serious health issue in developing countries including Bangladesh. We investigated the Formalin (FA)-induced organ toxicity in Swiss albino mice. FA induction caused the significant elevation of the liver enzyme, SGOT and SGPT; the MDA levels in the liver and brain. Among the fractions of methanol extract of L. globosus, ethyl acetate (EA) fraction significantly reduced the elevated biochemical parameters (FA vs FA + EA fraction, μKa/L); SGOT (78.4 ± 0.3 vs 14.3 ± 0.9), SGPT (100.5 ± 5.2 vs 14.6 ± 0.7), MDA in liver (10.9 ± 0.2 vs 5.6 ± 0.1) and MDA in brain (16.9 ± 0.2 vs 6.3 ± 0.2). Morphological analyses also supported the beneficial effect of EA fraction in FA-induced liver toxicity. FA induction caused the phosphorylation of JNK, member of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in both the liver and brain, which were completely abolished by the treatment of EA fraction of L. globosus. Chemical analyses showed that the EA fraction exhibited antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. The protective effect of the EA fraction on the FA-induced toxicity by the modulation of oxidative inflammatory pathway by its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.

DOI 10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15
Published in American Journal of Life Sciences (Volume 3, Issue 2, April 2015)
Page(s) 85-92
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Loranthus globosus, SGOT and SGPT, Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging, JNK Phosphorylation, Formalin

References
[1] Anderson, A. J., et al. (1971). "Evidence for the role of lysosomes in the formation of prostaglandins during carrageenan induced inflammation in rat." Pharmacol Res Comm 3: 13-17.
[2] Bakand, S., et al. (2005). " In vitro cytotoxicity testing of airborne formaldehyde collected in serum-free culture media." Toxicol Ind Health 21(7-8): 147-154.
[3] BC, V. W., et al. (1993) "Ulosantoin, a potent insecticide from the sponge Ulosa ruetzleri." J Org Chem 58: 335-337
[4] Berlett, B. S. and E. R. Stadtman (1997). "Protein oxidation in aging, disease, and oxidative stress." J Biol Chem 272(33): 20313-20316.
[5] Conner, E. M. and M. B. Grisham (1996). "Inflammation, free radicals, and antioxidants." Nutrition 12(4): 274-277.
[6] Draper, H. and M. Hadley (1990). "Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation." Methods Enzymol 186: 421-431.
[7] Flyvholm, M. A. and P. Andersen (1993). " Identification of formaldehyde releasers and occurrence of formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers in registered chemical products." Am J Ind Med 24(5): 533-552.
[8] Gurel, A., et al. (2005). "Vitamin E against oxidative damage caused by formaldehyde in frontal cortex and hippocampus: biochemical and histological studies." J Chem Neuroanat 29: 173-178.
[9] Heck, H. D., et al. (1990). "Formaldehyde toxicity–new understanding." Crit Rev Toxicol 20(6): 397-426.
[10] Khan, M. R. I., et al. (2010). "Antidiabetic Effects of the Different Fractions of Ethanolic Extracts of Ocimum sanctum in Normal and Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats." J Sci Res 2(1): 158-168.
[11] Kilburn, K. H. (1994). "Neurobehavioral impairment and seizures from formaldehyde." Arch Environ Health 49(1): 37-44.
[12] Kumar, K. S., et al. (2007). "Antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty – An edible seaweed." Food Chemistry 107: 289-295.
[13] Malhi, H., et al. (2006). "Free fatty acids induce JNK-dependent hepatocyte lipoapoptosis." J Biol Chem. 281: 12093–12101.
[14] Nair, R. B., et al. (1988). "Anti inflammatory effect of Strbilanthus heyneanusLeaves-A biochemical study." J Res Ay Sid 9(1-2): 46.
[15] Pan, Y., et al. (2008). "Antioxidant activity of microwave-assisted extract of longan (Dimocarpus Longan Lour.) peel." Food Chemistry 106(3): 1264-1270.
[16] Prieto, P., et al. (1999). "Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a Phosphomolybdenum Complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E." Analytical Biochemistry 269: 337-341.
[17] Puri, P., et al. (2008). "Activation and Dysregulation of the Unfolded Protein Response in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.” Gastroenterology 134: 568-576.
[18] Riley, P. A. (1994). "Free radicals in biology: oxidative stress and the effects of ionizing radiation." Int J Radiat Biol 65(1): 27-33.
[19] Saito, Y., et al. (2005). " Cytotoxic effect of formaldehyde with free radicals via increment of cellular reactive oxygen species." Toxicology 210(2-3): 235-245.
[20] Sakanashi, T. M., et al. (1996). "Influence of maternal folate status on the developmental toxicity of methanol in the CD-1 mouse." Teratology 54(4): 198-206.
[21] Telang, R. S., et al. (1990). "Study on analgesic and antiinflammatory avtivities of Vitex negunda Linn." Gen Pharmacol 31(5): 363-366.
[22] Teng, S., et al. (2001). "The formaldehyde metabolic detoxification enzyme systems and molecular cytotoxic mechanism in isolated rat hepatocytes." Chem Biol Interact 130-132(1-3): 285-296.
[23] Teng, S., et al. (2001). "The formaldehyde metabolic detoxification enzyme systems and molecular cytotoxic mechanism in isolated rat hepatocytes." Chem Biol Interact 130-132(1-3): 285-296.
[24] Thannickal, V. J. and B. L. Fanburg (2000). "Reactive oxygen species in cell signaling." Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279(6): 1005-1008.
[25] Verma, R. J. and A. Nair (2001). "Amerliorative effect of Vitamin E on aflatoxin-induced lipid peroxidation in the testis of mice." Asian J Androl 3: 217-221.
[26] Wang, Y., et al. (2008). "Increased apoptosis in high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats is associated with c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation and elevated proapoptotic Bax." J Nutr 138: 1866-1871.
[27] Wiseman, H. and B. Halliwell (1996). " Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: role in inflammatory disease and progression to cancer." Biochem J 313: 17-29.
[28] Yu, P. H., et al. (2003). "Physiological and pathological implications of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase." Biochim Biophys Acta 1647(1-2): 193-199.
[29] Zhishen, J., et al. (1999). "The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals." Food Chemisty 64(4): 555-559.
[30] Zimmerman, H. J. and L. B. Seeff (1970). "Enzymes in hepatic disease." Diagnostic Enzymology. 1, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, USA.
Author Information
  • Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi-6000, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rajshahi Medical College, Rajshahi-6000, Bangladesh

  • Department of Pharmacy, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh

  • Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

  • Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh; Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Alpana Khatun, Md Masud Rana, Md Rafiqul Islam Khan, Mir Imam Ibne Wahed, Md. Anwar Habib, et al. (2015). Molecular Mechanism of Formalin-Induced Toxicity and Its Management. American Journal of Life Sciences, 3(2), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Alpana Khatun; Md Masud Rana; Md Rafiqul Islam Khan; Mir Imam Ibne Wahed; Md. Anwar Habib, et al. Molecular Mechanism of Formalin-Induced Toxicity and Its Management. Am. J. Life Sci. 2015, 3(2), 85-92. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Alpana Khatun, Md Masud Rana, Md Rafiqul Islam Khan, Mir Imam Ibne Wahed, Md. Anwar Habib, et al. Molecular Mechanism of Formalin-Induced Toxicity and Its Management. Am J Life Sci. 2015;3(2):85-92. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15,
      author = {Alpana Khatun and Md Masud Rana and Md Rafiqul Islam Khan and Mir Imam Ibne Wahed and Md. Anwar Habib and Md. Nazim Uddin and Zakia Sultana Sathi and A. R. M. Ruhul Amin and Abu Syed Md Anisuzzaman},
      title = {Molecular Mechanism of Formalin-Induced Toxicity and Its Management},
      journal = {American Journal of Life Sciences},
      volume = {3},
      number = {2},
      pages = {85-92},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajls.20150302.15},
      abstract = {The use of formalin (40% formaldehyde) for the preservation of food in an illegal way becoming a serious health issue in developing countries including Bangladesh. We investigated the Formalin (FA)-induced organ toxicity in Swiss albino mice. FA induction caused the significant elevation of the liver enzyme, SGOT and SGPT; the MDA levels in the liver and brain. Among the fractions of methanol extract of L. globosus, ethyl acetate (EA) fraction significantly reduced the elevated biochemical parameters (FA vs FA + EA fraction, μKa/L); SGOT (78.4 ± 0.3 vs 14.3 ± 0.9), SGPT (100.5 ± 5.2 vs 14.6 ± 0.7), MDA in liver (10.9 ± 0.2 vs 5.6 ± 0.1) and MDA in brain (16.9 ± 0.2 vs 6.3 ± 0.2). Morphological analyses also supported the beneficial effect of EA fraction in FA-induced liver toxicity. FA induction caused the phosphorylation of JNK, member of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in both the liver and brain, which were completely abolished by the treatment of EA fraction of L. globosus. Chemical analyses showed that the EA fraction exhibited antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. The protective effect of the EA fraction on the FA-induced toxicity by the modulation of oxidative inflammatory pathway by its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Molecular Mechanism of Formalin-Induced Toxicity and Its Management
    AU  - Alpana Khatun
    AU  - Md Masud Rana
    AU  - Md Rafiqul Islam Khan
    AU  - Mir Imam Ibne Wahed
    AU  - Md. Anwar Habib
    AU  - Md. Nazim Uddin
    AU  - Zakia Sultana Sathi
    AU  - A. R. M. Ruhul Amin
    AU  - Abu Syed Md Anisuzzaman
    Y1  - 2015/03/03
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15
    T2  - American Journal of Life Sciences
    JF  - American Journal of Life Sciences
    JO  - American Journal of Life Sciences
    SP  - 85
    EP  - 92
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5737
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20150302.15
    AB  - The use of formalin (40% formaldehyde) for the preservation of food in an illegal way becoming a serious health issue in developing countries including Bangladesh. We investigated the Formalin (FA)-induced organ toxicity in Swiss albino mice. FA induction caused the significant elevation of the liver enzyme, SGOT and SGPT; the MDA levels in the liver and brain. Among the fractions of methanol extract of L. globosus, ethyl acetate (EA) fraction significantly reduced the elevated biochemical parameters (FA vs FA + EA fraction, μKa/L); SGOT (78.4 ± 0.3 vs 14.3 ± 0.9), SGPT (100.5 ± 5.2 vs 14.6 ± 0.7), MDA in liver (10.9 ± 0.2 vs 5.6 ± 0.1) and MDA in brain (16.9 ± 0.2 vs 6.3 ± 0.2). Morphological analyses also supported the beneficial effect of EA fraction in FA-induced liver toxicity. FA induction caused the phosphorylation of JNK, member of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in both the liver and brain, which were completely abolished by the treatment of EA fraction of L. globosus. Chemical analyses showed that the EA fraction exhibited antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. The protective effect of the EA fraction on the FA-induced toxicity by the modulation of oxidative inflammatory pathway by its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections