Two different phenomena may affect average molecular weight (Mw) of molten polyethylene during extrusion process. The first is crosslinking, which can be divided to two categories of chain branching and network formation, leading to an increase in Mw. The second is chain scission which leads to a decrease in the average Mw. In this work, chain branching of molten stabilized pipe grade high density polyethylene (HDPE) and unstabilized one, extruded in industrial twin screw extruder, has been studied. Therefore a series of analytical techniques including melt flow rate (MFR), capillary rheometer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed. The unstabilized samples' MFR were lower than stabilized ones' which showed a higher melt viscosity of unstabilized samples due to their higher Mw. By applying rheometry test in different modes, the unstabilized PE samples showed a higher shear viscosity in comparison with stabilized ones agreeing with MFR results. DSC results showed a difference in degree of crystallinity between samples. This difference was verified by DMA result of solid state which showed a higher shear storage modulus for stabilized samples. Also, DMA results confirmed the obtained results from rheometry test in melt state. Additionally, FTIR results of stabilized and unstabilized samples demonstrated the difference between their chemical structures. Although it seems that the level of chain branching in this grade of HDPE is low howover, all techniques' results are in a good agreement which makes the provided results and data reliable. Moreover, a combination of the applied methods in this work can be helpful to determine the validity and efficiency of antioxidants.
| Published in | International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 3, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140305.17 |
| Page(s) | 168-176 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Thermo-Mechanical Chain Branching, High Density Polyethylene, Extrusion, Antioxidant
| [1] | Kumanayaka TO, Parthasarathy R, Jollands M. Accelerating effect of montmorillonite on oxidative degradation of polyethylene nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 2010; 95: 672-676. |
| [2] | Pinheiro LA, Chinelatto MA, Canevarolo SV. Evaluation of Philips and ZieglereNatta high-density polyethylene degradation during processing in an internal mixer using the chain scission and branching distribution function analysis. Polym Degrad Stab 2006; 91: 2324-2332. |
| [3] | Tolinski M, author. Additives for Polyolefins. Burlington: Elsevier Inc, 2009. |
| [4] | Sánchez K, Allen N, Liauw Ch. Polyethylen degradation: effect of polymerization catalyst, PLASTIC RESEARCH ONLINE, 10.1002/spepro.003371, 2011. |
| [5] | Hussein IA, Ho K, Goyal ShK., Karbashewski E, Williams MC. Thermomechanical degradation in the preparation of polyethylene Blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2006; 8: 381-392. |
| [6] | Park DW, Hwang EY, Kim JR, Choi JK, Kim YA, Woo HC. Catalytic degradation of polyethylene over solid acid catalysts. Polym Degrad Stab 1999; 65: 193-198. |
| [7] | Bockhorn H, Hornung A, Hornung U, Schawaller D. Kinetic study on the thermal degradation of polypropylene and polyethylene. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 1999; 48: 93-109. |
| [8] | Rex I, Graham BA, Thompson MR. Studying single-pass degradation of a high-density polyethylene in an injection molding process. Polym Degrad Stab 2005; 90: 136-146. |
| [9] | Mendes AA, Cunha AM, Bernardo CA. Study of the degradation mechanisms of polyethylene during reprocessing. Polym Degrad Stab 2011; 96: 1125-1133. |
| [10] | Dostal J, Kašparkova V, Zatloukal M, Muras J, Šimek L. Influence of the repeated extrusion on the degradation of polyethylene, Structural changes in low density polyethylene. Eur Polym J 2008; 44: 2652-2658. |
| [11] | Hussein IA. Rheological investigation of the influence of molecular structure on natural and accelerated UV degradation of linear low density polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2007; 92: 2026-2032. |
| [12] | Epacher E, Fekete E, Gahleitner M, Pukánszky B. Chemical reactions during the processing of stabilized PE: 1. Discolouration and stabilizer consumption. Polym Degrad Stab 1999; 63: 489-497. |
| [13] | Epacher E, Fekete E, Gahleitner M, Pukánszky B. Chemical reactions during the processing of stabilized PE: 2. Structure/property correlations. Polym Degrad Stab 1999; 63: 499-507. |
| [14] | Parrondo A, Allen N. Optimization of Additive Packages for Processing and Long-Term Thermal Stabilization of Film Grade High-Density. J Vinyl Addit Technol 2002; Vol. 8, 2: 103-117. |
| [15] | Cruz SA, Zanin M. Evaluation and identification of degradative processes in post-consumer recycled high-density polyethylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2003; 80: 31-37. |
| [16] | Seavey KC, Liu YA, Khare NP. Quantifying Relationships among the Molecular Weight Distribution, Non-Newtonian Shear Viscosity, and Melt Index for Linear Polymers. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res 2003; 42: 5354-5362. |
| [17] | Passaglia E, Coiai S, Augier S. Control of macromolecular architecture during the reactive functionalization in the melt of olefin polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2009; 34: 911–947. |
| [18] | van Grieken R, Serrano DP, Aguado J, García R, Rojo C. Thermal and catalytic cracking of polyethylene under mild conditions. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2001; 58–59: 127–142. |
| [19] | Rosales C, Marquez L, Perera R, Rojas H. Comparative analysis of reactive extrusion of LDPE and LLDPE. Eur Polym J 2003; 39: 1899–1915. |
| [20] | Gulmine JV, Janissek PR, Heise HM, Akcelrud L. Degradation profile of polyethylene after artificial accelerated weathering. Polym Degrad Stab 2003; 79: 385–397. |
| [21] | Sirisinha K, Boonkongkaew M, Kositchaiyong S. The effect of silane carriers on silane grafting of high-density polyethylene and properties of crosslinked products. Polymer Testing 2010; 29: 958–965. |
| [22] | Kyrikou I, Briassoulis D, Hiskakis M, Babou E. Analysis of photo-chemical degradation behaviour of polyethylene mulching film with pro-oxidants. Polym Degrad Stab 2011; 96: 2237-2252. |
| [23] | Montes JC, Cadoux D, Creus J, Touzain S, Maurin EG, Correc O. Ageing of polyethylene at raised temperature in contact with chlorinated sanitary hot water. Part I: Chemical aspects. Polym Degrad Stab 2012; 97: 149-157. |
| [24] | Atiqullah M, Winston MS, Bercawd JE, Hussain I, Fazal A, Al-Harthi MA, Emwas AHM, Khan MJ, Husain A. Effects of a vanadium post-metallocene catalyst-induced polymer backbone inhomogeneity on UV oxidative degradation of the resulting polyethylene film. Polym Degrad Stab 2012; 97: 1164-1177. |
| [25] | Wanga Zh, Wub G, Hua Y, Dingb Y, Huc K, Fan W. Thermal degradation of magnesium hydroxide and red phosphorus flame retarded polyethylene composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2002; 77: 427–434. |
| [26] | Kurtz SM, Hozack W, Marcolongo M, Turner J, Rimnac C, Edidin A. Degradation of Mechanical Properties of UHMWPE Acetabular Liners Following Long-Term Implantation. J Arthroplasty 2003; Vol. 18, 7, Suppl. 1: 68-78 |
| [27] | Caballero HS, Colunga JGM. Reactive Extrusion Process for the Grafting of Maleic Anhydride onto Linear Low-Density Polyethylene with Ultraviolet Radiation. J Appl Polym Sci 2009; 113: 3125–3129. |
| [28] | Singh B, Sharma N. Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation. Polym Degrad Stab 2008; 93: 561-584. |
| [29] | Sugimoto Mi, Shimada A, Kudoh H, Tamura K, Seguchi T. Product analysis for polyethylene egradation by radiation and thermal ageing. Phys Chem 2013; 82: 69–73. |
| [30] | Thomas S, Weimin Y, editors. Advances in polymer processing, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2009. |
| [31] | Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS, Vyvyan JR. Introduction to spectroscopy, 4th edition. Washington: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2009. |
APA Style
Yadollah Teymouri, Saeed Houshmandmoayed, Mohammad Adibfar, Reza Rashedi. (2014). Thermo-Mechanical Chain Branching of Commercial High Density Polyethylene during Extrusion. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 3(5), 168-176. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140305.17
ACS Style
Yadollah Teymouri; Saeed Houshmandmoayed; Mohammad Adibfar; Reza Rashedi. Thermo-Mechanical Chain Branching of Commercial High Density Polyethylene during Extrusion. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2014, 3(5), 168-176. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140305.17
AMA Style
Yadollah Teymouri, Saeed Houshmandmoayed, Mohammad Adibfar, Reza Rashedi. Thermo-Mechanical Chain Branching of Commercial High Density Polyethylene during Extrusion. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2014;3(5):168-176. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140305.17
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140305.17,
author = {Yadollah Teymouri and Saeed Houshmandmoayed and Mohammad Adibfar and Reza Rashedi},
title = {Thermo-Mechanical Chain Branching of Commercial High Density Polyethylene during Extrusion},
journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
volume = {3},
number = {5},
pages = {168-176},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140305.17},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140305.17},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20140305.17},
abstract = {Two different phenomena may affect average molecular weight (Mw) of molten polyethylene during extrusion process. The first is crosslinking, which can be divided to two categories of chain branching and network formation, leading to an increase in Mw. The second is chain scission which leads to a decrease in the average Mw. In this work, chain branching of molten stabilized pipe grade high density polyethylene (HDPE) and unstabilized one, extruded in industrial twin screw extruder, has been studied. Therefore a series of analytical techniques including melt flow rate (MFR), capillary rheometer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed. The unstabilized samples' MFR were lower than stabilized ones' which showed a higher melt viscosity of unstabilized samples due to their higher Mw. By applying rheometry test in different modes, the unstabilized PE samples showed a higher shear viscosity in comparison with stabilized ones agreeing with MFR results. DSC results showed a difference in degree of crystallinity between samples. This difference was verified by DMA result of solid state which showed a higher shear storage modulus for stabilized samples. Also, DMA results confirmed the obtained results from rheometry test in melt state. Additionally, FTIR results of stabilized and unstabilized samples demonstrated the difference between their chemical structures. Although it seems that the level of chain branching in this grade of HDPE is low howover, all techniques' results are in a good agreement which makes the provided results and data reliable. Moreover, a combination of the applied methods in this work can be helpful to determine the validity and efficiency of antioxidants.},
year = {2014}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Thermo-Mechanical Chain Branching of Commercial High Density Polyethylene during Extrusion AU - Yadollah Teymouri AU - Saeed Houshmandmoayed AU - Mohammad Adibfar AU - Reza Rashedi Y1 - 2014/09/20 PY - 2014 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140305.17 DO - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140305.17 T2 - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications JF - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications JO - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications SP - 168 EP - 176 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2327-2643 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140305.17 AB - Two different phenomena may affect average molecular weight (Mw) of molten polyethylene during extrusion process. The first is crosslinking, which can be divided to two categories of chain branching and network formation, leading to an increase in Mw. The second is chain scission which leads to a decrease in the average Mw. In this work, chain branching of molten stabilized pipe grade high density polyethylene (HDPE) and unstabilized one, extruded in industrial twin screw extruder, has been studied. Therefore a series of analytical techniques including melt flow rate (MFR), capillary rheometer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed. The unstabilized samples' MFR were lower than stabilized ones' which showed a higher melt viscosity of unstabilized samples due to their higher Mw. By applying rheometry test in different modes, the unstabilized PE samples showed a higher shear viscosity in comparison with stabilized ones agreeing with MFR results. DSC results showed a difference in degree of crystallinity between samples. This difference was verified by DMA result of solid state which showed a higher shear storage modulus for stabilized samples. Also, DMA results confirmed the obtained results from rheometry test in melt state. Additionally, FTIR results of stabilized and unstabilized samples demonstrated the difference between their chemical structures. Although it seems that the level of chain branching in this grade of HDPE is low howover, all techniques' results are in a good agreement which makes the provided results and data reliable. Moreover, a combination of the applied methods in this work can be helpful to determine the validity and efficiency of antioxidants. VL - 3 IS - 5 ER -
Information
Email: