Proposed Cross-Linking Model for Carboxymethyl Cellulose /Starch Superabsorbent Polymer Blend

Auda Jabbar Braihi; Sihama Issa Salih; Fadhel Abbas Hashem; Jaleel Kareem Ahmed

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23

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Proposed Cross-Linking Model for Carboxymethyl Cellulose /Starch Superabsorbent Polymer Blend

Auda Jabbar Braihi, Sihama Issa Salih, Fadhel Abbas Hashem, Jaleel Kareem Ahmed

Published in International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 3, Issue 6)

Received: 5 November 2014 Accepted: 12 November 2014 Published: 17 November 2014

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Abstract

Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) blend has been synthesized from Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) , starch, and aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate cross-linker. Water Absorption Capacity (WAC), FTIR, SEM, DSC, CHO, Flame Photometer and ignition tests are carried out to determine the used CMC formula, investigate the cross-linking process, and suggest a cross-linking model. Flame Photometer results showed there are two sodium acetate groups in the CMC molecule. This result confirmed by theoretical calculations and CHO test . To investigate which of Al3+ and SO42- ions causes the cross-linking : the extraction of the cross-linked CMC/starch tested with BaCl2solution(showed dense white precipitate ; sulfate group not share for blend formation), NaOH solution( showed white precipitate of aluminum hydroxide; Al3+ ion present (i.e. Al3+ ion share in the blend structure). These results confirmed by flame test for sodium ion, which showed high Na emission energy (5.75); there is an exchange between Al and Na ions. To check that aluminum is a part of the structure, sample of the cross-linked CMC ignited. A white precipitate appear for aluminum oxide ,which confirms the presence of Al. Based on that there are three CMC molecules connected to each Al atom, theoretical calculations about the amount of Al in the cross-linked CMC molecule showed a good agreement with the CHO results (5.613% Vs. 5.739 % respectively). FTIR spectrum of the cross-linked CMC/starch blend showed that there is a reaction between CMC and starch molecules; i.e. the new repeating unit contains three starch molecules. This conclusion confirmed by theoretical calculations and results of EDX, CHO, and ignition tests. Al% in the new mer appeared a good agreement between theoretical calculations (4.32%) and CHO results (4.512%). Ignition test calculations confirmed that the new mer contains three Al atoms. Evidences of the occurrence of the cross-linking process were obtained from FTIR, morphology, DSC and absorbency results. Absence of the primary hydroxyl alcohol band in the CMC/starch blend spectrum, indicates that this site is active and the reaction between starch and CMC molecules occurs through it. Morphologies studies showed that the sample after crosslinking is more compact than before as well as show one piece for after cross-linking comparing with different pieces before cross-linking.Optimum cross-linking ratio appeared to be 2wt% corresponded to WAC equal to 58 g/g.in distilled water and DSC results indicates that CMC/starch is a miscible blend.

Published in	International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 3, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23
Page(s)	363-369
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Superabsorbent Polymer, Cross-Linking, NaCMC

References

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[3]	M. Sadeghi, F. Soleimani" Synthesis and Characterization of Superabsorbent Hydrogels for Oral Drug Delivery Systems" International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol.2, No.5, October 2011
[4]	P.K. Chatterjee, B.S. Gupta " Absorbent Technology" Elsevier , USA ,2002
[5]	G. F. John" Towards Improved Application of Super Absorbent Polymers in Agriculture and Hydrology: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach" MSc Thesis, Auburn University, 2011.
[6]	M. Elliot "Superabsorbent Polymers" BASF, 2010.
[7]	M. Hashem, S. Sharaf, M.M. Abd El-Hady, A. Hebeish "Synthesis and characterization of novel carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels and carboxymethylcellulose-hydrogel-ZnO-nanocomposites " Carbohydrate Polymers 95 (2013) 421– 427
[8]	Buchholz and Peppas "Superabsorbent Polymers" ACS Symposium Series, 1994.
[9]	F. L. Buchholz and A. T. Graham" Modern Superabsorbent Polymer Technology" Wiley-VCH, 1997.
[10]	S. Jockusch, N. J. Turro, Y. Mitsukami, M. Matsumoto, T. Iwamura, T. Lindner, A. Flohr, G. Massimo" Photoinduced Surface Cross-linking of Superabsorbent Polymer Particles" Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 111,2163-2170, 2009
[11]	P. Mario, , D.W. Adinugrada, M. Haryadi, 2005. Synthesis and characterization of sodium carboxylmethyl cellulose from Cavendish banana pseudo stem (Musa cavendishii LAMBERT). Carbohydr. Polym., 62: 164-169.
[12]	G. S. Hutomo, D. W. Marseno, S.Anggrahini and Supriyanto "Synthesis and characterization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose from pod husk of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) " African Journal of Food Science Vol. 6(6), pp. 180-185, 31 March, 2012.
[13]	J. Wang, P. Somasundaran" Adsorption and conformation of carboxymethyl cellulose at solid–liquid interfaces using spectroscopic, AFM and allied techniques" Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 291 (2005) 75–83.
[14]	R. Kizil, J. Irudayaraj, and K. Seetharaman"Characterization of Irradiated Starches by Using FT-Raman and FTIR Spectroscopy, 2011.
[15]	Jaleel K. Ahmed" Cross-linking Condensation Polymerization of Rayon Fiber" National Journal of Chemistry Vol.26,2007, pp 270-283.
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[17]	A. Pourjavadi, , G.R. Mahdavinia, , 2006. Superabsorbency, pH-sensitivity and swelling kinetics of partially hydrolyzed chitosan-g-poly (acrylamide) hydrogels. Turk. J. Chem. 30, 595–608.]
[18]	Z. Ma, Q. Li, Q. Yue, B. Gao, X. Xu, Q. Zhong"Synthesis and characterization of a novel super-absorbent based on wheatstraw" Bioresource Technology 102(2011) 2853-2858.

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Auda Jabbar Braihi, Sihama Issa Salih, Fadhel Abbas Hashem, Jaleel Kareem Ahmed. (2014). Proposed Cross-Linking Model for Carboxymethyl Cellulose /Starch Superabsorbent Polymer Blend. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 3(6), 363-369. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23

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ACS Style

Auda Jabbar Braihi; Sihama Issa Salih; Fadhel Abbas Hashem; Jaleel Kareem Ahmed. Proposed Cross-Linking Model for Carboxymethyl Cellulose /Starch Superabsorbent Polymer Blend. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2014, 3(6), 363-369. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23

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AMA Style

Auda Jabbar Braihi, Sihama Issa Salih, Fadhel Abbas Hashem, Jaleel Kareem Ahmed. Proposed Cross-Linking Model for Carboxymethyl Cellulose /Starch Superabsorbent Polymer Blend. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2014;3(6):363-369. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23,
  author = {Auda Jabbar Braihi and Sihama Issa Salih and Fadhel Abbas Hashem and Jaleel Kareem Ahmed},
  title = {Proposed Cross-Linking Model for Carboxymethyl Cellulose /Starch Superabsorbent Polymer Blend},
  journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
  volume = {3},
  number = {6},
  pages = {363-369},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20140306.23},
  abstract = {Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) blend has been synthesized from  Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) , starch, and aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate cross-linker. Water Absorption Capacity (WAC), FTIR, SEM, DSC, CHO, Flame Photometer and ignition tests are carried out to determine the used CMC formula, investigate the cross-linking process, and suggest a cross-linking model. Flame Photometer results showed there are two sodium acetate groups in the CMC molecule. This result confirmed by theoretical calculations and CHO test . To investigate which of Al3+ and SO42- ions causes the cross-linking : the extraction of the cross-linked CMC/starch tested with BaCl2solution(showed dense white precipitate ; sulfate group not share for blend formation), NaOH solution( showed white precipitate of aluminum hydroxide; Al3+ ion present (i.e. Al3+ ion share in the blend structure). These results confirmed by flame test for sodium ion, which showed high Na emission energy (5.75); there is an exchange between Al and Na ions. To check that aluminum is a part of the structure, sample of the cross-linked CMC ignited. A white precipitate appear for aluminum oxide ,which confirms the presence of Al. Based on that there are three CMC molecules connected to each Al atom, theoretical calculations about the amount of Al in the cross-linked CMC molecule showed a good agreement with the CHO results (5.613% Vs. 5.739 % respectively). FTIR spectrum of the cross-linked CMC/starch blend showed that there is a reaction between CMC and starch molecules; i.e. the new repeating unit contains three starch molecules. This conclusion confirmed by theoretical calculations and results of EDX, CHO, and ignition tests. Al% in the new mer appeared a good agreement between theoretical calculations (4.32%) and CHO results (4.512%). Ignition test calculations confirmed that the new mer contains three Al atoms. Evidences of the occurrence of the cross-linking process were obtained from FTIR, morphology, DSC and absorbency results. Absence of the primary hydroxyl alcohol band in the CMC/starch blend spectrum, indicates that this site is active and the reaction between starch and CMC molecules occurs through it. Morphologies studies showed that the sample after crosslinking is more compact than before as well as show one piece for after cross-linking comparing with different pieces before cross-linking.Optimum cross-linking ratio appeared to be 2wt% corresponded to WAC equal to 58 g/g.in distilled water and  DSC results indicates that CMC/starch is a miscible blend.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Proposed Cross-Linking Model for Carboxymethyl Cellulose /Starch Superabsorbent Polymer Blend
AU - Auda Jabbar Braihi
AU - Sihama Issa Salih
AU - Fadhel Abbas Hashem
AU - Jaleel Kareem Ahmed
Y1 - 2014/11/17
PY - 2014
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23
DO - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23
T2 - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JF - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
JO - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
SP - 363
EP - 369
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2327-2643
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23
AB - Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) blend has been synthesized from Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) , starch, and aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate cross-linker. Water Absorption Capacity (WAC), FTIR, SEM, DSC, CHO, Flame Photometer and ignition tests are carried out to determine the used CMC formula, investigate the cross-linking process, and suggest a cross-linking model. Flame Photometer results showed there are two sodium acetate groups in the CMC molecule. This result confirmed by theoretical calculations and CHO test . To investigate which of Al3+ and SO42- ions causes the cross-linking : the extraction of the cross-linked CMC/starch tested with BaCl2solution(showed dense white precipitate ; sulfate group not share for blend formation), NaOH solution( showed white precipitate of aluminum hydroxide; Al3+ ion present (i.e. Al3+ ion share in the blend structure). These results confirmed by flame test for sodium ion, which showed high Na emission energy (5.75); there is an exchange between Al and Na ions. To check that aluminum is a part of the structure, sample of the cross-linked CMC ignited. A white precipitate appear for aluminum oxide ,which confirms the presence of Al. Based on that there are three CMC molecules connected to each Al atom, theoretical calculations about the amount of Al in the cross-linked CMC molecule showed a good agreement with the CHO results (5.613% Vs. 5.739 % respectively). FTIR spectrum of the cross-linked CMC/starch blend showed that there is a reaction between CMC and starch molecules; i.e. the new repeating unit contains three starch molecules. This conclusion confirmed by theoretical calculations and results of EDX, CHO, and ignition tests. Al% in the new mer appeared a good agreement between theoretical calculations (4.32%) and CHO results (4.512%). Ignition test calculations confirmed that the new mer contains three Al atoms. Evidences of the occurrence of the cross-linking process were obtained from FTIR, morphology, DSC and absorbency results. Absence of the primary hydroxyl alcohol band in the CMC/starch blend spectrum, indicates that this site is active and the reaction between starch and CMC molecules occurs through it. Morphologies studies showed that the sample after crosslinking is more compact than before as well as show one piece for after cross-linking comparing with different pieces before cross-linking.Optimum cross-linking ratio appeared to be 2wt% corresponded to WAC equal to 58 g/g.in distilled water and DSC results indicates that CMC/starch is a miscible blend.
VL - 3
IS - 6
ER -

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Author Information

Auda Jabbar Braihi

Babylon University- College of Materials Engineering, Polymer and Petrochemical Industries Department, Babylon, Iraq
Sihama Issa Salih

University of Technology-Materials Engineering Department, Baghdad, Iraq
Fadhel Abbas Hashem

University of Technology-Materials Engineering Department, Baghdad, Iraq
Jaleel Kareem Ahmed

Babylon University- College of Materials Engineering, Polymer and Petrochemical Industries Department, Babylon, Iraq

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APA Style

Auda Jabbar Braihi, Sihama Issa Salih, Fadhel Abbas Hashem, Jaleel Kareem Ahmed. (2014). Proposed Cross-Linking Model for Carboxymethyl Cellulose /Starch Superabsorbent Polymer Blend. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 3(6), 363-369. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23

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ACS Style

Auda Jabbar Braihi; Sihama Issa Salih; Fadhel Abbas Hashem; Jaleel Kareem Ahmed. Proposed Cross-Linking Model for Carboxymethyl Cellulose /Starch Superabsorbent Polymer Blend. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2014, 3(6), 363-369. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23

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AMA Style

Auda Jabbar Braihi, Sihama Issa Salih, Fadhel Abbas Hashem, Jaleel Kareem Ahmed. Proposed Cross-Linking Model for Carboxymethyl Cellulose /Starch Superabsorbent Polymer Blend. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2014;3(6):363-369. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23,
  author = {Auda Jabbar Braihi and Sihama Issa Salih and Fadhel Abbas Hashem and Jaleel Kareem Ahmed},
  title = {Proposed Cross-Linking Model for Carboxymethyl Cellulose /Starch Superabsorbent Polymer Blend},
  journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
  volume = {3},
  number = {6},
  pages = {363-369},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20140306.23},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20140306.23},
  abstract = {Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) blend has been synthesized from  Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) , starch, and aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate cross-linker. Water Absorption Capacity (WAC), FTIR, SEM, DSC, CHO, Flame Photometer and ignition tests are carried out to determine the used CMC formula, investigate the cross-linking process, and suggest a cross-linking model. Flame Photometer results showed there are two sodium acetate groups in the CMC molecule. This result confirmed by theoretical calculations and CHO test . To investigate which of Al3+ and SO42- ions causes the cross-linking : the extraction of the cross-linked CMC/starch tested with BaCl2solution(showed dense white precipitate ; sulfate group not share for blend formation), NaOH solution( showed white precipitate of aluminum hydroxide; Al3+ ion present (i.e. Al3+ ion share in the blend structure). These results confirmed by flame test for sodium ion, which showed high Na emission energy (5.75); there is an exchange between Al and Na ions. To check that aluminum is a part of the structure, sample of the cross-linked CMC ignited. A white precipitate appear for aluminum oxide ,which confirms the presence of Al. Based on that there are three CMC molecules connected to each Al atom, theoretical calculations about the amount of Al in the cross-linked CMC molecule showed a good agreement with the CHO results (5.613% Vs. 5.739 % respectively). FTIR spectrum of the cross-linked CMC/starch blend showed that there is a reaction between CMC and starch molecules; i.e. the new repeating unit contains three starch molecules. This conclusion confirmed by theoretical calculations and results of EDX, CHO, and ignition tests. Al% in the new mer appeared a good agreement between theoretical calculations (4.32%) and CHO results (4.512%). Ignition test calculations confirmed that the new mer contains three Al atoms. Evidences of the occurrence of the cross-linking process were obtained from FTIR, morphology, DSC and absorbency results. Absence of the primary hydroxyl alcohol band in the CMC/starch blend spectrum, indicates that this site is active and the reaction between starch and CMC molecules occurs through it. Morphologies studies showed that the sample after crosslinking is more compact than before as well as show one piece for after cross-linking comparing with different pieces before cross-linking.Optimum cross-linking ratio appeared to be 2wt% corresponded to WAC equal to 58 g/g.in distilled water and  DSC results indicates that CMC/starch is a miscible blend.},
 year = {2014}
}

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