American Journal of Physical Chemistry

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Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia

Received: 27 August 2015    Accepted: 08 September 2015    Published: 16 November 2015
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Abstract

This study was conducted with the objective of determining the quantity of selected essential and nonessential metals; Co, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn and K in the leaf and supporting soil of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Samples of three Khat types (Konso, Gidole and Koyra) and soils from their root zone collected from three different sites in southern Ethiopia region were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. K in soil and Khat sample were also determined by flame atomic emission spectroscopy. Known weight of oven-dried Khat samples were wet-digested using 2 mL of (69–72%) HNO3 and 2 mL of (70%) HClO4 for 130 min at variable temperatures (120–268 °C). Soil was digested by the procedure, 0.5 g samples of soil were digested with concentrated nitric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, using Kjeldahl digestion block under reflux condenser for 3 h at 300 °C. Both the edible portion of khat leaves and the soils of the study farms showed similar accumulation patterns to some extent, in their contents of the studied macro and micronutrients. Regression analysis and pearson correlation (r) results show a positive correlation Coffecient (R2) values ranging from 0.281 up to 0.991 and for pearson correlation (r) values ranging from 0.244-0.951. Although regressions based on the pooled data from the three Khat types are not adequately correlated with total metal soil levels, better fits were obtained when regression models were used for Konso Khat separately. However, no strong correlations between the leaves and other variables are evident except for Ca and Mg metal contents which have r values of 0.971 and 0.991 respectively with (p<0.01) levels. The concentrations of the metals were also compared with recommended maximum permissible limits and some international reports.

DOI 10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13
Published in American Journal of Physical Chemistry (Volume 4, Issue 6, December 2015)
Page(s) 58-64
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This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Khat, Metals, Soil, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, Southern Ethiopia

References
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[2] Anonymous, 1999. Total diet study: aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin, and zinc. Journal of Food Surveillance Information. 1: 191.
[3] Aubert, D., A. Probst and P. Stille, 2004. Distribution and origin of major and trace elements in to labile and residual phases in acid soil profile (Vosges Mountains, France). J. Appl. Geochem. 19: 899-916.
[4] Ayenew A, Gebremariam B., Ephrem E., 2014. Levels of Essential and Toxic Metals in Ethiopian Khat, (catha edulis Forsk.) Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies & Management 7(3): 289 – 297, 2014.
[5] Belew, M., Kebede, D., Kassaye, M. and Enguoselassie, F. (2000). The magnitude of khat use and its association with health, nutrition and socio-economic status. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 38:11–26.
[6] Das, K. D., 2007. Micronutrients: Their Behaviour in Soil and Plants.2ed, Newdelhi, India.
[7] Ephrem T. Woldemariam, 2010, Trace metals in Ethiopian Khat.: Determination of trace metals in commercially available Khat (Catha edulis Forsk) in Addis Ababa, VDM Verlag.
[8] Erica E. Balint, 2012. Khat (Catha Edulis) A Controversial Plant: Blessing or Curse?, A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
[9] Hagos T., M. Redi and A. Taddese, 2010. Correlation between Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves and Soil Composition in Hararghe Region, Haramaya University, Ethiopia
[10] Jackson, M.L., 1970. Soil Chemistry Analysis. Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.Sixth printing. pp498.
[11] Krauss, M. Wilfgang, W. Kobza, and J. Zech, 2002. Predicting heavy metal transfer from soil to plant: potential use of Freundlich-type functions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 165: 3-8.
[12] Milanovic, B. (2008). Qat expenditures in Yemen and Djibouti: An empirical analysis. Journal of African Economies, 17:661.
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[14] Minaleshewa, A., B.S. Chandravanshi and R. Mesfin, 2010. Concentration levels of Essential and Non-essential Metals in Ethiopian Khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Bio. Trace. Elements.
[15] Minaleshewa, A. and B.S. Chandravanshi, 2008. Levels of major, minor and trace elements in commercially available enset(Ensete ventricosum (Welw.), Cheesman) food products ( Kocho and Bulla) in Ethiopia. Journal of food composition and Analysis. 21:545-552.
[16] Olowoyo, J.O., E. van Heerden, J.L. Fischer and C. Baker, 2010. Trace metals in soil and leaves of Jacaranda mimosifolia in Tshwane area, South Africa. Atmospheric Environment. 44: 1826-1830.
[17] Peters, D.W., 1952. Khat: Its history, botany, chemistry and toxicology. J. of Pharm. 196:16–18 & 36–7.
[18] Rodushkin, I., T. Ruth and A. Huhtasaari, 2007. Comparison of two digestion methods for elemental determinations in plant material by ICP techniques. J. Anal. Chim. Acta. 378: 191–200.
[19] Santos, J.S., M.L. Santos, M.M. Conti, S.N. Santos and E. Oliveira, 2009. Evaluation of some metals in Brazilian coffees cultivated during the process of conversion from conventional to organic agriculture. Food Chemistry. 115: 1405–1410.
[20] Sapkota, A., M. Krachler, C. Scholz, A. K. Cheburkin and W. Shotyk, 2005. Analytical procedures for the determination of selected major (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Ti) and trace (Li, Mn, Sr, and Zn) elements in peat and plant samples using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta. 540: 247–256.
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[22] Tan, K. H., 1996. Soil Sampling Preparation and Analysis. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp 96-219.
Author Information
  • Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia

  • Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia

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    Adane Desta, Almaz Ataklti. (2015). Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Chemistry, 4(6), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13

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    Adane Desta; Almaz Ataklti. Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia. Am. J. Phys. Chem. 2015, 4(6), 58-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13

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    Adane Desta, Almaz Ataklti. Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia. Am J Phys Chem. 2015;4(6):58-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13,
      author = {Adane Desta and Almaz Ataklti},
      title = {Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia},
      journal = {American Journal of Physical Chemistry},
      volume = {4},
      number = {6},
      pages = {58-64},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpc.20150406.13},
      abstract = {This study was conducted with the objective of determining the quantity of selected essential and nonessential metals; Co, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn and K in the leaf and supporting soil of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Samples of three Khat types (Konso, Gidole and Koyra) and soils from their root zone collected from three different sites in southern Ethiopia region were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. K in soil and Khat sample were also determined by flame atomic emission spectroscopy. Known weight of oven-dried Khat samples were wet-digested using 2 mL of (69–72%) HNO3 and 2 mL of (70%) HClO4 for 130 min at variable temperatures (120–268 °C). Soil was digested by the procedure, 0.5 g samples of soil were digested with concentrated nitric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, using Kjeldahl digestion block under reflux condenser for 3 h at 300 °C. Both the edible portion of khat leaves and the soils of the study farms showed similar accumulation patterns to some extent, in their contents of the studied macro and micronutrients. Regression analysis and pearson correlation (r) results show a positive correlation Coffecient (R2) values ranging from 0.281 up to 0.991 and for pearson correlation (r) values ranging from 0.244-0.951. Although regressions based on the pooled data from the three Khat types are not adequately correlated with total metal soil levels, better fits were obtained when regression models were used for Konso Khat separately. However, no strong correlations between the leaves and other variables are evident except for Ca and Mg metal contents which have r values of 0.971 and 0.991 respectively with (p<0.01) levels. The concentrations of the metals were also compared with recommended maximum permissible limits and some international reports.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Profile of Essential and Non-Essential Metals in Soil and in Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) Leaves Cultivated in Southern Region, Ethiopia
    AU  - Adane Desta
    AU  - Almaz Ataklti
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    PY  - 2015
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    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13
    T2  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
    JF  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
    JO  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
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    EP  - 64
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2327-2449
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20150406.13
    AB  - This study was conducted with the objective of determining the quantity of selected essential and nonessential metals; Co, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn and K in the leaf and supporting soil of Khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Samples of three Khat types (Konso, Gidole and Koyra) and soils from their root zone collected from three different sites in southern Ethiopia region were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. K in soil and Khat sample were also determined by flame atomic emission spectroscopy. Known weight of oven-dried Khat samples were wet-digested using 2 mL of (69–72%) HNO3 and 2 mL of (70%) HClO4 for 130 min at variable temperatures (120–268 °C). Soil was digested by the procedure, 0.5 g samples of soil were digested with concentrated nitric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, using Kjeldahl digestion block under reflux condenser for 3 h at 300 °C. Both the edible portion of khat leaves and the soils of the study farms showed similar accumulation patterns to some extent, in their contents of the studied macro and micronutrients. Regression analysis and pearson correlation (r) results show a positive correlation Coffecient (R2) values ranging from 0.281 up to 0.991 and for pearson correlation (r) values ranging from 0.244-0.951. Although regressions based on the pooled data from the three Khat types are not adequately correlated with total metal soil levels, better fits were obtained when regression models were used for Konso Khat separately. However, no strong correlations between the leaves and other variables are evident except for Ca and Mg metal contents which have r values of 0.971 and 0.991 respectively with (p<0.01) levels. The concentrations of the metals were also compared with recommended maximum permissible limits and some international reports.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

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