Tramadol Abuse Among Patients Attending An Addiction Clinic in North-Eastern Nigeria: Outcome of a Four Year Retrospective Study

Ibrahim A. W.; Yerima M. M.; Pindar S. K.; Onyencho V. C.; Ahmed H. K.; Machina B. K.; Shehu S.; Rabbebe I. B.; Wakil M. A.

doi:doi:10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16

Tramadol Abuse Among Patients Attending An Addiction Clinic in North-Eastern Nigeria: Outcome of a Four Year Retrospective Study

Ibrahim A. W., Yerima M. M., Pindar S. K., Onyencho V. C., Ahmed H. K., Machina B. K., Shehu S., Rabbebe I. B., Wakil M. A.

Published in Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience (Volume 2, Issue 2-1)

Received: 28 September 2016 Accepted: 30 September 2016 Published: 14 February 2017

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Abstract

The 21st century Nigeria has witnessed changing trends in the patterns of psychoactive substance use with Tramadol HCl emerging as a candidate drug in the North-eastern region of the country. This study assessed the prevalence, patterns and the reasons behind the sustained use of Tramadol in a sub-population of drug users. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study in which socio-demographic, clinical and drug-related data were extracted from the clinical records of 237 drug users attending the addiction clinic of Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, North-eastern Nigeria. The prevalence of Tramadol abuse was 54.4% [n=129] and 78 [60.5%, 95% C.I. = 54.1 - 65.7] met the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for Tramadol dependence. Over 93% of Tramadol users were males and 87 [67.4%, 95% C.I. = 59.9 - 73.4] were in the 18 to 37 years age bracket. Over 67% used Tramadol in combination with other psychoactive substances while 65.1% [95% C.I. = 50.7 - 81.4] used multiple daily doses. Over 91% of the subjects obtained the drug without prescriptions and 12.4% [95% C.I. = 7.5 - 16.8] were first initiated to the drugs by prescriptions from health professionals. The commonest primary reasons for continuous usage were; to relieve tiredness [28.7%, 95% C.I.= 25.4 - 31.2] and to prolong the time of sexual intercourse [22.5%, 95% C.I. = 20.1 - 24.7]. Considering the addictive potentials of Tramadol, there is the need for; psychoeducational programmes for adolescents and young adults, rational prescriptions by clinicians and enhancing the operational capacities of regulatory agencies.

Published in	Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience (Volume 2, Issue 2-1) This article belongs to the Special Issue Substance Abuse: Perspectives, Trends, Issues and the Way Forward
DOI	10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16
Page(s)	31-37
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Tramadol, Abuse, North-Eastern Nigeria

References

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Ibrahim A. W., Yerima M. M., Pindar S. K., Onyencho V. C., Ahmed H. K., et al. (2017). Tramadol Abuse Among Patients Attending An Addiction Clinic in North-Eastern Nigeria: Outcome of a Four Year Retrospective Study. Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience, 2(2-1), 31-37. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16

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ACS Style

Ibrahim A. W.; Yerima M. M.; Pindar S. K.; Onyencho V. C.; Ahmed H. K., et al. Tramadol Abuse Among Patients Attending An Addiction Clinic in North-Eastern Nigeria: Outcome of a Four Year Retrospective Study. Adv. Psychol. Neurosci. 2017, 2(2-1), 31-37. doi: 10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16

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AMA Style

Ibrahim A. W., Yerima M. M., Pindar S. K., Onyencho V. C., Ahmed H. K., et al. Tramadol Abuse Among Patients Attending An Addiction Clinic in North-Eastern Nigeria: Outcome of a Four Year Retrospective Study. Adv Psychol Neurosci. 2017;2(2-1):31-37. doi: 10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16

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@article{10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16,
  author = {Ibrahim A. W. and Yerima M. M. and Pindar S. K. and Onyencho V. C. and Ahmed H. K. and Machina B. K. and Shehu S. and Rabbebe I. B. and Wakil M. A.},
  title = {Tramadol Abuse Among Patients Attending An Addiction Clinic in North-Eastern Nigeria: Outcome of a Four Year Retrospective Study},
  journal = {Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2-1},
  pages = {31-37},
  doi = {10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.apn.s.2017020201.16},
  abstract = {The 21st century Nigeria has witnessed changing trends in the patterns of psychoactive substance use with Tramadol HCl emerging as a candidate drug in the North-eastern region of the country. This study assessed the prevalence, patterns and the reasons behind the sustained use of Tramadol in a sub-population of drug users. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study in which socio-demographic, clinical and drug-related data were extracted from the clinical records of 237 drug users attending the addiction clinic of Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, North-eastern Nigeria. The prevalence of Tramadol abuse was 54.4% [n=129] and 78 [60.5%, 95% C.I. = 54.1 - 65.7] met the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for Tramadol dependence. Over 93% of Tramadol users were males and 87 [67.4%, 95% C.I. = 59.9 - 73.4] were in the 18 to 37 years age bracket. Over 67% used Tramadol in combination with other psychoactive substances while 65.1% [95% C.I. = 50.7 - 81.4] used multiple daily doses. Over 91% of the subjects obtained the drug without prescriptions and 12.4% [95% C.I. = 7.5 - 16.8] were first initiated to the drugs by prescriptions from health professionals. The commonest primary reasons for continuous usage were; to relieve tiredness [28.7%, 95% C.I.= 25.4 - 31.2] and to prolong the time of sexual intercourse [22.5%, 95% C.I. = 20.1 - 24.7]. Considering the addictive potentials of Tramadol, there is the need for; psychoeducational programmes for adolescents and young adults, rational prescriptions by clinicians and enhancing the operational capacities of regulatory agencies.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Tramadol Abuse Among Patients Attending An Addiction Clinic in North-Eastern Nigeria: Outcome of a Four Year Retrospective Study
AU  - Ibrahim A. W.
AU  - Yerima M. M.
AU  - Pindar S. K.
AU  - Onyencho V. C.
AU  - Ahmed H. K.
AU  - Machina B. K.
AU  - Shehu S.
AU  - Rabbebe I. B.
AU  - Wakil M. A.
Y1  - 2017/02/14
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16
T2  - Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience
JF  - Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience
JO  - Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience
SP  - 31
EP  - 37
PB  - Science Publishing Group
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16
AB  - The 21st century Nigeria has witnessed changing trends in the patterns of psychoactive substance use with Tramadol HCl emerging as a candidate drug in the North-eastern region of the country. This study assessed the prevalence, patterns and the reasons behind the sustained use of Tramadol in a sub-population of drug users. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study in which socio-demographic, clinical and drug-related data were extracted from the clinical records of 237 drug users attending the addiction clinic of Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, North-eastern Nigeria. The prevalence of Tramadol abuse was 54.4% [n=129] and 78 [60.5%, 95% C.I. = 54.1 - 65.7] met the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for Tramadol dependence. Over 93% of Tramadol users were males and 87 [67.4%, 95% C.I. = 59.9 - 73.4] were in the 18 to 37 years age bracket. Over 67% used Tramadol in combination with other psychoactive substances while 65.1% [95% C.I. = 50.7 - 81.4] used multiple daily doses. Over 91% of the subjects obtained the drug without prescriptions and 12.4% [95% C.I. = 7.5 - 16.8] were first initiated to the drugs by prescriptions from health professionals. The commonest primary reasons for continuous usage were; to relieve tiredness [28.7%, 95% C.I.= 25.4 - 31.2] and to prolong the time of sexual intercourse [22.5%, 95% C.I. = 20.1 - 24.7]. Considering the addictive potentials of Tramadol, there is the need for; psychoeducational programmes for adolescents and young adults, rational prescriptions by clinicians and enhancing the operational capacities of regulatory agencies.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2-1
ER  -

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Author Information

Ibrahim A. W.

Department of Mental Health, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Mental Health, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Yerima M. M.

College of Medical Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria
Pindar S. K.

Department of Mental Health, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Onyencho V. C.

Department of Clinical Psychology, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Ahmed H. K.

Department of Mental Health, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Machina B. K.

Department of Mental Health, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Shehu S.

Department of Psychiatry, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Rabbebe I. B.

Department of Mental Health, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Wakil M. A.

Department of Mental Health, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria

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Ibrahim A. W., Yerima M. M., Pindar S. K., Onyencho V. C., Ahmed H. K., et al. (2017). Tramadol Abuse Among Patients Attending An Addiction Clinic in North-Eastern Nigeria: Outcome of a Four Year Retrospective Study. Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience, 2(2-1), 31-37. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16

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ACS Style

Ibrahim A. W.; Yerima M. M.; Pindar S. K.; Onyencho V. C.; Ahmed H. K., et al. Tramadol Abuse Among Patients Attending An Addiction Clinic in North-Eastern Nigeria: Outcome of a Four Year Retrospective Study. Adv. Psychol. Neurosci. 2017, 2(2-1), 31-37. doi: 10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16

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AMA Style

Ibrahim A. W., Yerima M. M., Pindar S. K., Onyencho V. C., Ahmed H. K., et al. Tramadol Abuse Among Patients Attending An Addiction Clinic in North-Eastern Nigeria: Outcome of a Four Year Retrospective Study. Adv Psychol Neurosci. 2017;2(2-1):31-37. doi: 10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16,
  author = {Ibrahim A. W. and Yerima M. M. and Pindar S. K. and Onyencho V. C. and Ahmed H. K. and Machina B. K. and Shehu S. and Rabbebe I. B. and Wakil M. A.},
  title = {Tramadol Abuse Among Patients Attending An Addiction Clinic in North-Eastern Nigeria: Outcome of a Four Year Retrospective Study},
  journal = {Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2-1},
  pages = {31-37},
  doi = {10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.apn.s.2017020201.16},
  abstract = {The 21st century Nigeria has witnessed changing trends in the patterns of psychoactive substance use with Tramadol HCl emerging as a candidate drug in the North-eastern region of the country. This study assessed the prevalence, patterns and the reasons behind the sustained use of Tramadol in a sub-population of drug users. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study in which socio-demographic, clinical and drug-related data were extracted from the clinical records of 237 drug users attending the addiction clinic of Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, North-eastern Nigeria. The prevalence of Tramadol abuse was 54.4% [n=129] and 78 [60.5%, 95% C.I. = 54.1 - 65.7] met the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for Tramadol dependence. Over 93% of Tramadol users were males and 87 [67.4%, 95% C.I. = 59.9 - 73.4] were in the 18 to 37 years age bracket. Over 67% used Tramadol in combination with other psychoactive substances while 65.1% [95% C.I. = 50.7 - 81.4] used multiple daily doses. Over 91% of the subjects obtained the drug without prescriptions and 12.4% [95% C.I. = 7.5 - 16.8] were first initiated to the drugs by prescriptions from health professionals. The commonest primary reasons for continuous usage were; to relieve tiredness [28.7%, 95% C.I.= 25.4 - 31.2] and to prolong the time of sexual intercourse [22.5%, 95% C.I. = 20.1 - 24.7]. Considering the addictive potentials of Tramadol, there is the need for; psychoeducational programmes for adolescents and young adults, rational prescriptions by clinicians and enhancing the operational capacities of regulatory agencies.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Tramadol Abuse Among Patients Attending An Addiction Clinic in North-Eastern Nigeria: Outcome of a Four Year Retrospective Study
AU  - Ibrahim A. W.
AU  - Yerima M. M.
AU  - Pindar S. K.
AU  - Onyencho V. C.
AU  - Ahmed H. K.
AU  - Machina B. K.
AU  - Shehu S.
AU  - Rabbebe I. B.
AU  - Wakil M. A.
Y1  - 2017/02/14
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16
T2  - Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience
JF  - Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience
JO  - Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience
SP  - 31
EP  - 37
PB  - Science Publishing Group
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.16
AB  - The 21st century Nigeria has witnessed changing trends in the patterns of psychoactive substance use with Tramadol HCl emerging as a candidate drug in the North-eastern region of the country. This study assessed the prevalence, patterns and the reasons behind the sustained use of Tramadol in a sub-population of drug users. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study in which socio-demographic, clinical and drug-related data were extracted from the clinical records of 237 drug users attending the addiction clinic of Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, North-eastern Nigeria. The prevalence of Tramadol abuse was 54.4% [n=129] and 78 [60.5%, 95% C.I. = 54.1 - 65.7] met the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for Tramadol dependence. Over 93% of Tramadol users were males and 87 [67.4%, 95% C.I. = 59.9 - 73.4] were in the 18 to 37 years age bracket. Over 67% used Tramadol in combination with other psychoactive substances while 65.1% [95% C.I. = 50.7 - 81.4] used multiple daily doses. Over 91% of the subjects obtained the drug without prescriptions and 12.4% [95% C.I. = 7.5 - 16.8] were first initiated to the drugs by prescriptions from health professionals. The commonest primary reasons for continuous usage were; to relieve tiredness [28.7%, 95% C.I.= 25.4 - 31.2] and to prolong the time of sexual intercourse [22.5%, 95% C.I. = 20.1 - 24.7]. Considering the addictive potentials of Tramadol, there is the need for; psychoeducational programmes for adolescents and young adults, rational prescriptions by clinicians and enhancing the operational capacities of regulatory agencies.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2-1
ER  -

Copy | Download