| Peer-Reviewed

Environmental Implications of Flaring and Venting in Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production

Received: 17 October 2016    Accepted: 8 November 2016    Published: 16 December 2016
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

It is believed that production of crude oil and natural gas without flaring and venting is neither technically nor economically feasible. In the face of this challenge, it is pertinent to understand the technical, economic, environmental, and social effects of flaring and venting in the production of crude oil and natural gas. This paper is a review of the role of flaring and venting in the production of oil and gas and an exposition of the environmental consequences of flaring and venting with respect to the production of crude oil and natural gas. The study exhaustively and systematically revealed the global and local effects of flaring and venting of natural gas on the environment and thereafter suggested various mechanisms through which flaring and venting could be drastically reduced using commercial models, regulation, new technologies and re-injection.

Published in International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 4, Issue 6)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijema.20160406.13
Page(s) 154-159
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Flaring, Venting, Production, Natural Gas, Crude Oil, Fossil Fuel, Environment, Exploitation

References
[1] Reddy MS, Boucher O (2007). Climate Impact of Black Carbon emitted from Energy Consumption in the World’s Region. American Geophysical Union Research Letters Volume 34 L11802; 2 June 2007.
[2] Cholakov GS, Nath B (2009). Pollution Control Technologies Vol. III: Control of Pollution in the Petroleum Industry. University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria.
[3] Kearns J, Armstrong K, Shirvill L, Garland E, Simon C, Monopolis J (2000). Flaring & Venting in the Oil & Gas Exploration & Production Industry. International Association of Oil and Gas Producers Report No. 2.79/288, January 2000.
[4] Abdulkadir M, Isah AG, Sani Y (2013). The Effect of Gas Flaring on the Environment and its Utilization (Case Study of Selected Villages in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria). Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research 3 (4) 283-291, 2013.
[5] http://oilandgas.livingearth.org.uk/key-challenges/flaring-and-venting/. Accessed September 7, 2016.
[6] Eboh M (2015). Nigeria Loses N72bn to Gas Flaring. Vanguard Online, August 4, 2015.
[7] Ishisone M (2004). Gas Flaring in the Niger Delta: The Potential Benefits of its Reduction on the Local Economy and Environment.
[8] Ite AE, Ibok UJ (2013). Gas flaring and Venting Associated with Petroleum Exploration and Production in Nigeria’s niger Delta. American Journal of Environmental Protection 1.4 (2013): 70-77.
[9] ANSI/API Standard 537 (Second Edition; December, 2008). Flare Details for General Refinery and Petrochemical Service. American Petroleum Institute.
[10] ISO 25457: 2008. Flare Details for General Refinery and Petrochemical Service. International Standards Organisation, 2008.
[11] ANSI/API Standard 521 (Sixth Edition; 2014). Pressure Relieving and Depressurizing Systems. American Petroleum Institute.
[12] Amaechi OF, Biose E (2016). Gas Flaring: Carbon Dioxide contribution to global Warming. Journal of Science and Environmental Management; Vol 20(2) 309-317, June 2016.
[13] Ismail OS, Umukoro GE (2012). Global Impact of Gas Flaring. Scientific Research: Energy and Power Engineering Journal, 2012, 4, 290-302.
[14] David Shore (1996). “Making the Flare Safe”. Journal of Loss Prevention in Process Industries, Vol 9, No. 6, pp363-381, 1996.
[15] Emam EA (2015). Gas Flaring in Industry: An Overview. Petroleum Coal journal 57 (5) 532-553, December 2015.
[16] Cheremisinoff NP (2013). Industrial Gas Flaring. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
[17] Bott RD (2007). Flaring; Questions + Answers. Canadian Center for Energy Information.
[18] Marc McDaniel (1983). Flare Efficiency Study Report EPA-600/2-83-052. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC 20460, July 1983.
[19] Abuhesa MB (2010). Investigation into Gas Flaring reduction in the Oil and Gas Industry. PhD Thesis. University of Salford, Manchester, UK, Dec. 2010.
[20] Upadhyay M, Nophel P, Sivaraj TT (2013). Offshore Flaring and Venting System – purpose, impacts and development. Paper presented at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, SPE Fest 10-12 Feb 2013.
[21] Frilis RH (2012). The Praeger Handbook of Environmental Health, Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO Publishers, 2012.
[22] Miirima HF (2008). Demystifying Oil Exploration in Uganda: Simplified Facts and Terminologies Related to Oil Exploration in Uganda. Henry Ford Miirima Publications, 2008.
[23] Sha N (2016). Flares and Flaring System. Energy and Utility World; April 13, 2016.
[24] Mashour M, Smith S, Palfreeman N, Seefeldt G (2009). New Technology: Saudi Aramco High Pressure Air Assist System (HPAAS) for Upgrading Existing Flares to Smokeless Combustion. Presentation at the International Flame Research foundation 16th Member Conference; 8-10 June, 2009, Boston, USA.
[25] Nolan DP (2010). Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles: for Oil, Gas, Chemicals, and Related Facilities (2nd Edition). William Andrew Publishers, 2010.
[26] Vallero D (2014). Fundamentals of Air Pollution (5th Edition). Academic Press, 2014.
[27] Stoker HS (2015). General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (7th Edition). Cengage Learning Publishers, 2015.
[28] Dutch SI (2009). Encyclopedia of global Warming, Volume 2. Salem Press, 2009.
[29] Ajugwo AO (2013). Negative Effects of Gas Flaring; The Nigerian Experience. Journal of Environmental Pollution and Human Health, 1.1 (2013) 6-8.
[30] Hendry I (2014). Flaring and Venting. A PowerPoint Presentation.
[31] Barns D. W., and Edmonds J. A. 1990. An Evaluation of the Relationship between the Production and Use of Energy and Atmospheric Methane Emissions. US Department of Energy, Washington D. C., DOE/NBB0088P.
[32] Marland G., Andres R. J., Boden T. A., Johnston C., & Brenkert A., Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions Estimates from Fossil Fuel Burning, Cement Production, and Gas Flaring: 1751-1995 (revised January 1998), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U. S. A.
[33] Shepherd M (2009). Factors Influencing Recovery from Oil and Gas Fields. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 91, p 37-46, 2009.
[34] Kearns J, Armstrong K, Shirvill L, Garland E, Simon C, Monopolis J (2000). Flaring & Venting in the Oil & Gas Exploration & Production Industry. International Association of Oil and Gas Producers Report No. 2.79/288, January 2000.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Stanley Ngene, Kiran Tota-Maharaj, Paul Eke, Colin Hills. (2016). Environmental Implications of Flaring and Venting in Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 4(6), 154-159. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160406.13

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Stanley Ngene; Kiran Tota-Maharaj; Paul Eke; Colin Hills. Environmental Implications of Flaring and Venting in Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2016, 4(6), 154-159. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20160406.13

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Stanley Ngene, Kiran Tota-Maharaj, Paul Eke, Colin Hills. Environmental Implications of Flaring and Venting in Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2016;4(6):154-159. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20160406.13

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijema.20160406.13,
      author = {Stanley Ngene and Kiran Tota-Maharaj and Paul Eke and Colin Hills},
      title = {Environmental Implications of Flaring and Venting in Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production},
      journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
      volume = {4},
      number = {6},
      pages = {154-159},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20160406.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160406.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20160406.13},
      abstract = {It is believed that production of crude oil and natural gas without flaring and venting is neither technically nor economically feasible. In the face of this challenge, it is pertinent to understand the technical, economic, environmental, and social effects of flaring and venting in the production of crude oil and natural gas. This paper is a review of the role of flaring and venting in the production of oil and gas and an exposition of the environmental consequences of flaring and venting with respect to the production of crude oil and natural gas. The study exhaustively and systematically revealed the global and local effects of flaring and venting of natural gas on the environment and thereafter suggested various mechanisms through which flaring and venting could be drastically reduced using commercial models, regulation, new technologies and re-injection.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Environmental Implications of Flaring and Venting in Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production
    AU  - Stanley Ngene
    AU  - Kiran Tota-Maharaj
    AU  - Paul Eke
    AU  - Colin Hills
    Y1  - 2016/12/16
    PY  - 2016
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160406.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.20160406.13
    T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    SP  - 154
    EP  - 159
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-7667
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20160406.13
    AB  - It is believed that production of crude oil and natural gas without flaring and venting is neither technically nor economically feasible. In the face of this challenge, it is pertinent to understand the technical, economic, environmental, and social effects of flaring and venting in the production of crude oil and natural gas. This paper is a review of the role of flaring and venting in the production of oil and gas and an exposition of the environmental consequences of flaring and venting with respect to the production of crude oil and natural gas. The study exhaustively and systematically revealed the global and local effects of flaring and venting of natural gas on the environment and thereafter suggested various mechanisms through which flaring and venting could be drastically reduced using commercial models, regulation, new technologies and re-injection.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Kent, United Kingdom; Engineering and Standards Division, Department of Petroleum Resources, Lagos, Nigeria

  • Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Kent, United Kingdom

  • Peprime Limited, Auchlee Wynd, Portlethen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

  • Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Kent, United Kingdom

  • Sections