The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications

Lars-Gunnar Lundh

doi:doi:10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11

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The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications

Lars-Gunnar Lundh

Received: 14 September 2014 Accepted: 22 September 2014 Published: 30 September 2014

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Abstract

The difficulties of demonstrating that any specific form of psychotherapy is more effective than any other has led to the formulation of the so-called Dodo Bird Verdict (that all forms of therapy are equally effective) and to the suggestion that what really matters for therapeutic efficiency are factors that are common to different forms of therapy. The term “common factors”, however, is seldom defined in an unambiguous way. In this paper, two different models of “common factors” are differentiated, and their implications are compared. The first model is referred to as the Relational-Procedural Persuasion (RPP) model and is primarily based on the writings of Frank and Wampold; according to this model effective psychotherapy requires a good therapeutic relationship, a specified therapeutic procedure, and a rhetorically skilful psychotherapist who persuades the client of a new explanation that provides new perspectives and meanings in life. The contents of these procedures and perspectives, however, are less important – according to this model, the treatment procedures are beneficial to the client because of the meaning attributed to these procedures rather than because of the specific nature of the procedures. The other model, the Methodological Principles and Skills (MPS) model, is based on the assumption that effective psychotherapy relies on common methodological principles that are instantiated in various ways in different forms of psychotherapy, and on the therapist’s capacity of applying these principles in a skillful way. According to this model, method matters, and it is possible to improve existing methods. Whereas the MPS model carries a hope for the improvement of psychotherapy, the RPP model implies a more pessimistic view of psychotherapy as forever bound by the limits of the Dodo Bird Verdict. It is concluded that psychotherapy research may benefit from using the MPS model as a working hypothesis, but that a comprehensive model of common factors in psychotherapy also needs to integrate important insights from the RPP model, as well as an understanding of the structural characteristics that psychotherapy shares with other kinds of social interaction.

DOI	10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11
Published in	Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014)
Page(s)	131-150
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Common Factors, Psychotherapy, Therapeutic Alliance, Placebo Effects, Dodo Bird Verdict

References

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Lars-Gunnar Lundh. (2014). The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 3(5), 131-150. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11

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Lars-Gunnar Lundh. The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications. Psychol. Behav. Sci. 2014, 3(5), 131-150. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11

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Lars-Gunnar Lundh. The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications. Psychol Behav Sci. 2014;3(5):131-150. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11

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@article{10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11,
  author = {Lars-Gunnar Lundh},
  title = {The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications},
  journal = {Psychology and Behavioral Sciences},
  volume = {3},
  number = {5},
  pages = {131-150},
  doi = {10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.pbs.20140305.11},
  abstract = {The difficulties of demonstrating that any specific form of psychotherapy is more effective than any other has led to the formulation of the so-called Dodo Bird Verdict (that all forms of therapy are equally effective) and to the suggestion that what really matters for therapeutic efficiency are factors that are common to different forms of therapy. The term “common factors”, however, is seldom defined in an unambiguous way. In this paper, two different models of “common factors” are differentiated, and their implications are compared. The first model is referred to as the Relational-Procedural Persuasion (RPP) model and is primarily based on the writings of Frank and Wampold; according to this model effective psychotherapy requires a good therapeutic relationship, a specified therapeutic procedure, and a rhetorically skilful psychotherapist who persuades the client of a new explanation that provides new perspectives and meanings in life. The contents of these procedures and perspectives, however, are less important – according to this model, the treatment procedures are beneficial to the client because of the meaning attributed to these procedures rather than because of the specific nature of the procedures. The other model, the Methodological Principles and Skills (MPS) model, is based on the assumption that effective psychotherapy relies on common methodological principles that are instantiated in various ways in different forms of psychotherapy, and on the therapist’s capacity of applying these principles in a skillful way. According to this model, method matters, and it is possible to improve existing methods. Whereas the MPS model carries a hope for the improvement of psychotherapy, the RPP model implies a more pessimistic view of psychotherapy as forever bound by the limits of the Dodo Bird Verdict. It is concluded that psychotherapy research may benefit from using the MPS model as a working hypothesis, but that a comprehensive model of common factors in psychotherapy also needs to integrate important insights from the RPP model, as well as an understanding of the structural characteristics that psychotherapy shares with other kinds of social interaction.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications
AU  - Lars-Gunnar Lundh
Y1  - 2014/09/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11
T2  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
JF  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
JO  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
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PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7845
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11
AB  - The difficulties of demonstrating that any specific form of psychotherapy is more effective than any other has led to the formulation of the so-called Dodo Bird Verdict (that all forms of therapy are equally effective) and to the suggestion that what really matters for therapeutic efficiency are factors that are common to different forms of therapy. The term “common factors”, however, is seldom defined in an unambiguous way. In this paper, two different models of “common factors” are differentiated, and their implications are compared. The first model is referred to as the Relational-Procedural Persuasion (RPP) model and is primarily based on the writings of Frank and Wampold; according to this model effective psychotherapy requires a good therapeutic relationship, a specified therapeutic procedure, and a rhetorically skilful psychotherapist who persuades the client of a new explanation that provides new perspectives and meanings in life. The contents of these procedures and perspectives, however, are less important – according to this model, the treatment procedures are beneficial to the client because of the meaning attributed to these procedures rather than because of the specific nature of the procedures. The other model, the Methodological Principles and Skills (MPS) model, is based on the assumption that effective psychotherapy relies on common methodological principles that are instantiated in various ways in different forms of psychotherapy, and on the therapist’s capacity of applying these principles in a skillful way. According to this model, method matters, and it is possible to improve existing methods. Whereas the MPS model carries a hope for the improvement of psychotherapy, the RPP model implies a more pessimistic view of psychotherapy as forever bound by the limits of the Dodo Bird Verdict. It is concluded that psychotherapy research may benefit from using the MPS model as a working hypothesis, but that a comprehensive model of common factors in psychotherapy also needs to integrate important insights from the RPP model, as well as an understanding of the structural characteristics that psychotherapy shares with other kinds of social interaction.
VL  - 3
IS  - 5
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Lars-Gunnar Lundh

Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

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Lars-Gunnar Lundh. (2014). The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 3(5), 131-150. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11

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Lars-Gunnar Lundh. The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications. Psychol. Behav. Sci. 2014, 3(5), 131-150. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11

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AMA Style

Lars-Gunnar Lundh. The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications. Psychol Behav Sci. 2014;3(5):131-150. doi: 10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11

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@article{10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11,
  author = {Lars-Gunnar Lundh},
  title = {The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications},
  journal = {Psychology and Behavioral Sciences},
  volume = {3},
  number = {5},
  pages = {131-150},
  doi = {10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.pbs.20140305.11},
  abstract = {The difficulties of demonstrating that any specific form of psychotherapy is more effective than any other has led to the formulation of the so-called Dodo Bird Verdict (that all forms of therapy are equally effective) and to the suggestion that what really matters for therapeutic efficiency are factors that are common to different forms of therapy. The term “common factors”, however, is seldom defined in an unambiguous way. In this paper, two different models of “common factors” are differentiated, and their implications are compared. The first model is referred to as the Relational-Procedural Persuasion (RPP) model and is primarily based on the writings of Frank and Wampold; according to this model effective psychotherapy requires a good therapeutic relationship, a specified therapeutic procedure, and a rhetorically skilful psychotherapist who persuades the client of a new explanation that provides new perspectives and meanings in life. The contents of these procedures and perspectives, however, are less important – according to this model, the treatment procedures are beneficial to the client because of the meaning attributed to these procedures rather than because of the specific nature of the procedures. The other model, the Methodological Principles and Skills (MPS) model, is based on the assumption that effective psychotherapy relies on common methodological principles that are instantiated in various ways in different forms of psychotherapy, and on the therapist’s capacity of applying these principles in a skillful way. According to this model, method matters, and it is possible to improve existing methods. Whereas the MPS model carries a hope for the improvement of psychotherapy, the RPP model implies a more pessimistic view of psychotherapy as forever bound by the limits of the Dodo Bird Verdict. It is concluded that psychotherapy research may benefit from using the MPS model as a working hypothesis, but that a comprehensive model of common factors in psychotherapy also needs to integrate important insights from the RPP model, as well as an understanding of the structural characteristics that psychotherapy shares with other kinds of social interaction.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications
AU  - Lars-Gunnar Lundh
Y1  - 2014/09/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11
T2  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
JF  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
JO  - Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
SP  - 131
EP  - 150
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7845
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20140305.11
AB  - The difficulties of demonstrating that any specific form of psychotherapy is more effective than any other has led to the formulation of the so-called Dodo Bird Verdict (that all forms of therapy are equally effective) and to the suggestion that what really matters for therapeutic efficiency are factors that are common to different forms of therapy. The term “common factors”, however, is seldom defined in an unambiguous way. In this paper, two different models of “common factors” are differentiated, and their implications are compared. The first model is referred to as the Relational-Procedural Persuasion (RPP) model and is primarily based on the writings of Frank and Wampold; according to this model effective psychotherapy requires a good therapeutic relationship, a specified therapeutic procedure, and a rhetorically skilful psychotherapist who persuades the client of a new explanation that provides new perspectives and meanings in life. The contents of these procedures and perspectives, however, are less important – according to this model, the treatment procedures are beneficial to the client because of the meaning attributed to these procedures rather than because of the specific nature of the procedures. The other model, the Methodological Principles and Skills (MPS) model, is based on the assumption that effective psychotherapy relies on common methodological principles that are instantiated in various ways in different forms of psychotherapy, and on the therapist’s capacity of applying these principles in a skillful way. According to this model, method matters, and it is possible to improve existing methods. Whereas the MPS model carries a hope for the improvement of psychotherapy, the RPP model implies a more pessimistic view of psychotherapy as forever bound by the limits of the Dodo Bird Verdict. It is concluded that psychotherapy research may benefit from using the MPS model as a working hypothesis, but that a comprehensive model of common factors in psychotherapy also needs to integrate important insights from the RPP model, as well as an understanding of the structural characteristics that psychotherapy shares with other kinds of social interaction.
VL  - 3
IS  - 5
ER  -

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