Deterioration and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Solution

Guo Li; Dan Wang; Jian-Min Du

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17

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Deterioration and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles in Na₂SO₄ Solution

Guo Li, Dan Wang, Jian-Min Du

Published in American Journal of Civil Engineering (Volume 4, Issue 3)

Received: 21 May 2016 Accepted: Published: 24 May 2016

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Abstract

To investigate the resistance of normal concrete to sulfate solution frost, concrete specimens with different water/cement (w/c) ratios, mineral admixture types, replacement ratios, and air contents were fabricated. Then, these specimens were frozen and thawed cyclically in 5% concentration Na₂SO₄ solution. As the freezing and thawing cycles proceeding, the appearance morphology, mass loss, and dynamic elastic modulus (DEM) of the specimens were observed. The service life of concrete that is subjected to the freeze–thaw cycles in Na₂SO₄ solution was calculated based on specimens' DEM losses. Results indicated that the appearance damage and mass loss of concrete along with the freeze–thaw cycles were unnoticeable until failure, and DEM losses played a controlling role in determining specimens' failure. In addition, a sudden fracture failure in the middle occurred easily in specimens with low w/c ratio. Decreasing concrete w/c ratio can slightly increase the concrete resistance to the freeze–thaw cycles in Na₂SO₄ solution, whereas incorporating fly ash or slag has almost no effect. Moreover, higher replacement ratio of fly ash or slag increases the adverse effects on concrete. Adding an air-entraining agent to concrete can significantly improve its resistance to the freeze–thaw cycles. Air content at 4.6% and 5.7% can extend the service life of concrete under the freeze–thaw cycles in Na₂SO₄ solution by more than 5 times its ordinary life span.

Published in	American Journal of Civil Engineering (Volume 4, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17
Page(s)	104-110
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Concrete, Freeze–Thaw Cycle, Deterioration, Na₂SO₄ Solution, Service Life Prediction

References

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[9]	Yuan L. D., D. T. Niu, L. Jiang, Y. Z. Sun and Q. N. Fei. Study on damage of concrete under the combined action of sulfate attack and freeze–thaw cycle. Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society 2013, 32(6): 1171-1176. (in Chinese)
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APA Style

Guo Li, Dan Wang, Jian-Min Du. (2016). Deterioration and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles in Na2SO4 Solution. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 4(3), 104-110. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17

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ACS Style

Guo Li; Dan Wang; Jian-Min Du. Deterioration and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles in Na2SO4 Solution. Am. J. Civ. Eng. 2016, 4(3), 104-110. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17

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AMA Style

Guo Li, Dan Wang, Jian-Min Du. Deterioration and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles in Na2SO4 Solution. Am J Civ Eng. 2016;4(3):104-110. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17

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@article{10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17,
  author = {Guo Li and Dan Wang and Jian-Min Du},
  title = {Deterioration and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles in Na2SO4 Solution},
  journal = {American Journal of Civil Engineering},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {104-110},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajce.20160403.17},
  abstract = {To investigate the resistance of normal concrete to sulfate solution frost, concrete specimens with different water/cement (w/c) ratios, mineral admixture types, replacement ratios, and air contents were fabricated. Then, these specimens were frozen and thawed cyclically in 5% concentration Na2SO4 solution. As the freezing and thawing cycles proceeding, the appearance morphology, mass loss, and dynamic elastic modulus (DEM) of the specimens were observed. The service life of concrete that is subjected to the freeze–thaw cycles in Na2SO4 solution was calculated based on specimens' DEM losses. Results indicated that the appearance damage and mass loss of concrete along with the freeze–thaw cycles were unnoticeable until failure, and DEM losses played a controlling role in determining specimens' failure. In addition, a sudden fracture failure in the middle occurred easily in specimens with low w/c ratio. Decreasing concrete w/c ratio can slightly increase the concrete resistance to the freeze–thaw cycles in Na2SO4 solution, whereas incorporating fly ash or slag has almost no effect. Moreover, higher replacement ratio of fly ash or slag increases the adverse effects on concrete. Adding an air-entraining agent to concrete can significantly improve its resistance to the freeze–thaw cycles. Air content at 4.6% and 5.7% can extend the service life of concrete under the freeze–thaw cycles in Na2SO4 solution by more than 5 times its ordinary life span.},
 year = {2016}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Deterioration and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles in Na2SO4 Solution
AU  - Guo Li
AU  - Dan Wang
AU  - Jian-Min Du
Y1  - 2016/05/24
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17
T2  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
SP  - 104
EP  - 110
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17
AB  - To investigate the resistance of normal concrete to sulfate solution frost, concrete specimens with different water/cement (w/c) ratios, mineral admixture types, replacement ratios, and air contents were fabricated. Then, these specimens were frozen and thawed cyclically in 5% concentration Na2SO4 solution. As the freezing and thawing cycles proceeding, the appearance morphology, mass loss, and dynamic elastic modulus (DEM) of the specimens were observed. The service life of concrete that is subjected to the freeze–thaw cycles in Na2SO4 solution was calculated based on specimens' DEM losses. Results indicated that the appearance damage and mass loss of concrete along with the freeze–thaw cycles were unnoticeable until failure, and DEM losses played a controlling role in determining specimens' failure. In addition, a sudden fracture failure in the middle occurred easily in specimens with low w/c ratio. Decreasing concrete w/c ratio can slightly increase the concrete resistance to the freeze–thaw cycles in Na2SO4 solution, whereas incorporating fly ash or slag has almost no effect. Moreover, higher replacement ratio of fly ash or slag increases the adverse effects on concrete. Adding an air-entraining agent to concrete can significantly improve its resistance to the freeze–thaw cycles. Air content at 4.6% and 5.7% can extend the service life of concrete under the freeze–thaw cycles in Na2SO4 solution by more than 5 times its ordinary life span.
VL  - 4
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Guo Li

School of Mechanics & Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
Dan Wang

School of Mechanics & Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
Jian-Min Du

School of Mechanics & Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China

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APA Style

Guo Li, Dan Wang, Jian-Min Du. (2016). Deterioration and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles in Na2SO4 Solution. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 4(3), 104-110. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17

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ACS Style

Guo Li; Dan Wang; Jian-Min Du. Deterioration and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles in Na2SO4 Solution. Am. J. Civ. Eng. 2016, 4(3), 104-110. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17

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AMA Style

Guo Li, Dan Wang, Jian-Min Du. Deterioration and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles in Na2SO4 Solution. Am J Civ Eng. 2016;4(3):104-110. doi: 10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17

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@article{10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17,
  author = {Guo Li and Dan Wang and Jian-Min Du},
  title = {Deterioration and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles in Na2SO4 Solution},
  journal = {American Journal of Civil Engineering},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {104-110},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajce.20160403.17},
  abstract = {To investigate the resistance of normal concrete to sulfate solution frost, concrete specimens with different water/cement (w/c) ratios, mineral admixture types, replacement ratios, and air contents were fabricated. Then, these specimens were frozen and thawed cyclically in 5% concentration Na2SO4 solution. As the freezing and thawing cycles proceeding, the appearance morphology, mass loss, and dynamic elastic modulus (DEM) of the specimens were observed. The service life of concrete that is subjected to the freeze–thaw cycles in Na2SO4 solution was calculated based on specimens' DEM losses. Results indicated that the appearance damage and mass loss of concrete along with the freeze–thaw cycles were unnoticeable until failure, and DEM losses played a controlling role in determining specimens' failure. In addition, a sudden fracture failure in the middle occurred easily in specimens with low w/c ratio. Decreasing concrete w/c ratio can slightly increase the concrete resistance to the freeze–thaw cycles in Na2SO4 solution, whereas incorporating fly ash or slag has almost no effect. Moreover, higher replacement ratio of fly ash or slag increases the adverse effects on concrete. Adding an air-entraining agent to concrete can significantly improve its resistance to the freeze–thaw cycles. Air content at 4.6% and 5.7% can extend the service life of concrete under the freeze–thaw cycles in Na2SO4 solution by more than 5 times its ordinary life span.},
 year = {2016}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Deterioration and Service Life Prediction of Concrete Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles in Na2SO4 Solution
AU  - Guo Li
AU  - Dan Wang
AU  - Jian-Min Du
Y1  - 2016/05/24
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17
T2  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Civil Engineering
SP  - 104
EP  - 110
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20160403.17
AB  - To investigate the resistance of normal concrete to sulfate solution frost, concrete specimens with different water/cement (w/c) ratios, mineral admixture types, replacement ratios, and air contents were fabricated. Then, these specimens were frozen and thawed cyclically in 5% concentration Na2SO4 solution. As the freezing and thawing cycles proceeding, the appearance morphology, mass loss, and dynamic elastic modulus (DEM) of the specimens were observed. The service life of concrete that is subjected to the freeze–thaw cycles in Na2SO4 solution was calculated based on specimens' DEM losses. Results indicated that the appearance damage and mass loss of concrete along with the freeze–thaw cycles were unnoticeable until failure, and DEM losses played a controlling role in determining specimens' failure. In addition, a sudden fracture failure in the middle occurred easily in specimens with low w/c ratio. Decreasing concrete w/c ratio can slightly increase the concrete resistance to the freeze–thaw cycles in Na2SO4 solution, whereas incorporating fly ash or slag has almost no effect. Moreover, higher replacement ratio of fly ash or slag increases the adverse effects on concrete. Adding an air-entraining agent to concrete can significantly improve its resistance to the freeze–thaw cycles. Air content at 4.6% and 5.7% can extend the service life of concrete under the freeze–thaw cycles in Na2SO4 solution by more than 5 times its ordinary life span.
VL  - 4
IS  - 3
ER  -

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