American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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Clinical Association Between Alterations of Boron, Cesium, Rhenium and Rubidium with the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis

Received: 22 September 2015    Accepted: 28 September 2015    Published: 15 October 2015
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Abstract

Background and Objectives: Certain trace elements are now being investigated as possibly having a role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the possible association between (boron, cesium, rhenium and rubidium) with atherosclerosis that, trace elements may be directly or indirectly involved in cardiovascular disease processes including atherosclerosis. This study was aimed to measure the serum levels of boron, cesium, rhenium and rubidium in Iraqi patients with atherosclerosis as compared with the control group, in addition to study the role of other confounding factors age, gender and finally estimate the correlation coefficient between the studied parameters. Method: This case control study conducted on 40 patients of both genders 15 men and 25 women with the mean age (52.4 ± 10) years and 40 of apparently healthy adults age and gender matched were also enrolled in this study as a control group for comparing purposes. The patients were free from any diseases except atherosclerosis and this was confirmed by clinical examination and biochemical and hematological tests. Serum levels of parameters were estimated using atomic absorption spectrophotometers. Results: There were a significant reductions in the level of rubidium and boron while, there was a significant elevation in the serum level of rhenium in patients group as compared with the control group, and there was no significant difference between studied group regarding cesium. There was no age and gender effects on the level of focused parameters and there was a significant weak negative correlation between age and Rb (r=-0.38, p=0.016). Conclusion: Boron and rubidium were significantly reduced, so supplementation could be important for therapy and even more necessary for individuals who are at high risk of developing atherosclerosis. While the level of rhenium was significantly elevated in patients and there was no significant variation in level of cesium. These variations could be proved the possible correlation with pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the estimation of these elements could be an important complementary diagnostic tool to determine trace elements status for therapy and diagnosis. These alterations are could be due to oxidative stress and inflammation which affect the trace elements homeostasis in patients with atherosclerosis. Boron, cesium, rhenium, rubidium are a natural element and micronutrient in human, they would be meaningful to compare these trace elements in atherosclerotic patients and controls for evaluating these elements as a biomarkers of the risk assessment, early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention of atherosclerosis.

DOI 10.11648/j.ajcem.20150305.19
Published in American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015)
Page(s) 247-254
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This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Atherosclerosis, Boron, Cesium, Rhenium, Rubidium

References
[1] Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 345. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.
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[3] Gruberg, E. R., Raymond, S. A. (1998). Beyond Cholesterol: Vitamin B6, Arteriosclerosis, and Your Heart (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.
[4] Venturi, Sebastiano (2011). "Evolutionary Significance of Iodine". Current Chemical Biology- 5 (3): 155–162.
[5] Osamu Wada (2004). What are Trace Elements? Their deficiency and excess states. JMAJ, 47(8): 351–358.
[6] Wilson, J. H. and Ruszler, P. L (1996). Effects of dietary boron supplementation on laying hens, Br. Poul. Sci., 37(4): 723–729.
[7] Nielsen, F. H., Hunt, C. D., Mullen, L. M., and Hunt, J. R. (1987). Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASEB. J., 1(5): 394–397.
[8] Samman, S., Naghii, M. R., Lyons Wall, P. M., Verus, A. P. (1998). The nutritional and metabolic effects of boron in humans and animals, Biol. Tr. Elem. Res., 66(1-3): 227–235.
[9] Naghii MR1, Samman S. (1997). The effect of boron supplementation on its urinary excretion and selected cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male subjects. Biol Trace Elem Res., 56(3):273-286.
[10] Hunt, CD (1998). Regulation of enzymatic activity: one possible role of dietary boron in higher animals and humans. Biol. Tr. Elem. Res., 66(1-3): 205–225.
[11] Nielsen, F. H. (1990). Studies on the relationship between boron and magnesium which possibly affects the formation and maintenance of bones, Magnes. Trace Elem., 9(2): 61–69.
[12] Naghii, M. R. and Samman, S. (1997). The effect of boron on plasma testosterone and plasma lipids in rats. Nutr. Research, 17(3): 523–531.
[13] Nielsen, F. H. (1988). Boron- an overlooked element of potential nutritional importance, Nutr. 23(1):4–7.
[14] Howe, P. D. (1998). A review of boron effects in the environment. Biol. Tr. Elem. Res., 66(1-3): 153–166.
[15] William E.; Reese, Jr., Robert G. (2004). "Mineral Commodity Profile: Cesium" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-12-27.
[16] Tissandie E, Guéguen Y, Lobaccaro JM, Grandcolas L, Grison S, Aigueperse J, Souidi M (2009). Vitamin D metabolism impairment in the rat's offspring following maternal exposure to 137cesium. Arch Toxicol, 83(4): 357-362.
[17] Nuclear Analytic Method in the Life Sciences 1994-Tan Kucera, Ivan Obrusnik, Enrico Sabbioni.
[18] Dilworth, Jonathan R.; Parrott, Suzanne J. (1998). The biomedical chemistry of technetium and rhenium". Chemical Society Reviews, 27(1): 43–55. doi: 10.1039/a827043z.
[19] Lee, I. P., Sherins, R. J., and Dixon, R. L. (1978). Evidence for induction of germinal aplasia in male rats by environmental exposure to boron. Tox. Appl. Pharmacol., 45(2): 577–590.
[20] Groff, J. L. and Gropper, S. S., Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism, 3rd ed., Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning, 2000.
[21] Hall IH1, Spielvogel BF, Griffin TS, Docks EL, Brotherton RJ(1989).The effects of boron hyperlipidemic agents on LDL and HDL receptor binding and related enzyme activities of rat hepatocytes, aorta cells and human fibroblasts. Res. Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharmocol., 65(3):297–317.
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  • College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Havalan City, Erbil, Iraq

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    Shatha Rouf Moustafa. (2015). Clinical Association Between Alterations of Boron, Cesium, Rhenium and Rubidium with the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 3(5), 247-254. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20150305.19

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    Shatha Rouf Moustafa. Clinical Association Between Alterations of Boron, Cesium, Rhenium and Rubidium with the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Am. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2015, 3(5), 247-254. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcem.20150305.19

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    AMA Style

    Shatha Rouf Moustafa. Clinical Association Between Alterations of Boron, Cesium, Rhenium and Rubidium with the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Am J Clin Exp Med. 2015;3(5):247-254. doi: 10.11648/j.ajcem.20150305.19

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajcem.20150305.19,
      author = {Shatha Rouf Moustafa},
      title = {Clinical Association Between Alterations of Boron, Cesium, Rhenium and Rubidium with the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis},
      journal = {American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine},
      volume = {3},
      number = {5},
      pages = {247-254},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajcem.20150305.19},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20150305.19},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajcem.20150305.19},
      abstract = {Background and Objectives: Certain trace elements are now being investigated as possibly having a role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the possible association between (boron, cesium, rhenium and rubidium) with atherosclerosis that, trace elements may be directly or indirectly involved in cardiovascular disease processes including atherosclerosis. This study was aimed to measure the serum levels of boron, cesium, rhenium and rubidium in Iraqi patients with atherosclerosis as compared with the control group, in addition to study the role of other confounding factors age, gender and finally estimate the correlation coefficient between the studied parameters. Method: This case control study conducted on 40 patients of both genders 15 men and 25 women with the mean age (52.4 ± 10) years and 40 of apparently healthy adults age and gender matched were also enrolled in this study as a control group for comparing purposes. The patients were free from any diseases except atherosclerosis and this was confirmed by clinical examination and biochemical and hematological tests. Serum levels of parameters were estimated using atomic absorption spectrophotometers. Results: There were a significant reductions in the level of rubidium and boron while, there was a significant elevation in the serum level of rhenium in patients group as compared with the control group, and there was no significant difference between studied group regarding cesium. There was no age and gender effects on the level of focused parameters and there was a significant weak negative correlation between age and Rb (r=-0.38, p=0.016). Conclusion: Boron and rubidium were significantly reduced, so supplementation could be important for therapy and even more necessary for individuals who are at high risk of developing atherosclerosis. While the level of rhenium was significantly elevated in patients and there was no significant variation in level of cesium. These variations could be proved the possible correlation with pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the estimation of these elements could be an important complementary diagnostic tool to determine trace elements status for therapy and diagnosis. These alterations are could be due to oxidative stress and inflammation which affect the trace elements homeostasis in patients with atherosclerosis. Boron, cesium, rhenium, rubidium are a natural element and micronutrient in human, they would be meaningful to compare these trace elements in atherosclerotic patients and controls for evaluating these elements as a biomarkers of the risk assessment, early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention of atherosclerosis.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Clinical Association Between Alterations of Boron, Cesium, Rhenium and Rubidium with the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis
    AU  - Shatha Rouf Moustafa
    Y1  - 2015/10/15
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20150305.19
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajcem.20150305.19
    T2  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
    JF  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
    JO  - American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
    SP  - 247
    EP  - 254
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2330-8133
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcem.20150305.19
    AB  - Background and Objectives: Certain trace elements are now being investigated as possibly having a role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the possible association between (boron, cesium, rhenium and rubidium) with atherosclerosis that, trace elements may be directly or indirectly involved in cardiovascular disease processes including atherosclerosis. This study was aimed to measure the serum levels of boron, cesium, rhenium and rubidium in Iraqi patients with atherosclerosis as compared with the control group, in addition to study the role of other confounding factors age, gender and finally estimate the correlation coefficient between the studied parameters. Method: This case control study conducted on 40 patients of both genders 15 men and 25 women with the mean age (52.4 ± 10) years and 40 of apparently healthy adults age and gender matched were also enrolled in this study as a control group for comparing purposes. The patients were free from any diseases except atherosclerosis and this was confirmed by clinical examination and biochemical and hematological tests. Serum levels of parameters were estimated using atomic absorption spectrophotometers. Results: There were a significant reductions in the level of rubidium and boron while, there was a significant elevation in the serum level of rhenium in patients group as compared with the control group, and there was no significant difference between studied group regarding cesium. There was no age and gender effects on the level of focused parameters and there was a significant weak negative correlation between age and Rb (r=-0.38, p=0.016). Conclusion: Boron and rubidium were significantly reduced, so supplementation could be important for therapy and even more necessary for individuals who are at high risk of developing atherosclerosis. While the level of rhenium was significantly elevated in patients and there was no significant variation in level of cesium. These variations could be proved the possible correlation with pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the estimation of these elements could be an important complementary diagnostic tool to determine trace elements status for therapy and diagnosis. These alterations are could be due to oxidative stress and inflammation which affect the trace elements homeostasis in patients with atherosclerosis. Boron, cesium, rhenium, rubidium are a natural element and micronutrient in human, they would be meaningful to compare these trace elements in atherosclerotic patients and controls for evaluating these elements as a biomarkers of the risk assessment, early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention of atherosclerosis.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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