International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry

| Peer-Reviewed |

Comparative Study of Phytochemical and Nutrient Contents of Various Parts of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’ Rorke) Baill. and Irvingia wombolu Vermoesen

Received: 17 August 2016    Accepted: 08 September 2016    Published: 11 October 2016
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

The phytochemical and nutrient constituents of seed, leaf, stem bark and root bark of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill. and I. wombolu Vermoesen were determined and compared with a view to providing additional taxonomic characters for differentiating between the two species, and to supply useful information that would lead to increased utilization of parts of these species in ethnobotany as food and drug. Significant difference was established at p<0.05. The phytochemical analysis of Irvingia gabonensis revealed the greatest levels of alkaloid, anthraquinone, flavonoid, saponin and sterol in stem bark at 2.78±0.02%, 3.17±0.01%, 1.17±0.01%, 0.91±0.01% and 0.25±0.00% respectively; hydrogen cyanide and tannin in seed at 4.78±0.03 mg/kg and 1.25±0.00% respectively while terpenoid in the leaf was 0.45±0.00%. Least values of alkaloid, saponin, sterol, tannin and terpenoid were found in the root bark of I. wombolu at these values: 0.93±0.01%, 0.56±0.04%, 0.05±0.00%, 0.78±0.02% and 0.13±0.01% respectively. Nutrient determination of I. gabonensis and I. wombolu had carbohydrate as the highest nutrient with 68.44+0.04% in the root bark and 56.86±0.47% in the stem bark while lowest fat content was present in the root bark of I. gabonensis and stem bark of I. wombolu at 1.45±0.02% and 1.65±0.00% respectively. It was also observed that the seeds of Irvingia gabonensis and I. wombolu contained high percentage of crude protein at 17.43±0.03% and 16.61±0.01% respectively. These chemical characters could be applied as additional taxonomic parameters in distinguishing between these two species of Irvingia. In addition, the findings have shown that these various parts of both species could be useful in pharmaceutical preparations and ethnobotany as food and drug.

DOI 10.11648/j.ijpc.20160202.11
Published in International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry (Volume 2, Issue 2, November 2016)
Page(s) 10-14
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Alkaloid, Anthraquinone, Chemical Characters, Fibre, Nutritional Composition, Protein

References
[1] J. C. Okafor, Varietal delimitation in Irvingia gabonensis (Irvingiaceae). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique. 1995; 45 (1-2): 211-221.
[2] D. J. Harris, A revision of the Irvingiaceae in Africa. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, 1996; 65(1-2): 143-196.
[3] L. Ainge, N. Brown, A State of Knowledge Report Undertaken for the Central African Regional Program for the Environment. Oxford Forestry Institute, Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford United Kingdom. 1998; pp. 24.
[4] F. O. Amubode, B. L. Fetuga, Amino acids composition of seeds of some lesser known tree crops. Food Chemistry, 1984; 13(4): 299-307.
[5] M. A. N. Ejiofor, S. N Okonkwo, J. C Okafor, Developing improved methods of processing and utilization of kernels of Irvingia gabonensis (var. gabonensis and var. excelsa). The International Tree Crop Journal, 1987; 4: 283 – 290.
[6] M. A. N. Ejiofor, Nutritional values of Ogbono (Irvingia gabonensis var. excelsa). Paper presented at the ICRAF-IITA Conference on Irvingia gabonensis, Ibadan, Nigeria. 1994; 20th. May 1994.
[7] F. E. Omagbai, Lipid composition of tropical seeds used in the Nigerian diet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1990; 50 (2): 253-255.
[8] J. B. Harborne, Introduction of Ecological Biochemistry, 3rd ed. Academic Press, London. 1988; pp. 354.
[9] Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. International Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington D. C. 1990; pp. 409.
[10] H. Kirk, R. Sawyer, Frait Pearson Chemical Analysis of Food, 8th ed. Longman Scientific and Technical, Edinburgh. 1998; pp. 211-212.
[11] G. E. Trease, W. C. Evans, Pharmacognosy, 15th ed. W.B. Saunders, London. 2002; pp. 406.
[12] J. B. Harborne, Phytochemical Methods, 1st ed. Chapman and Hall, London. 1973; pp. 273.
[13] N. M. Ferguson, A Text book of Pharmacognosy. MacMilan Company, New Delhi. 1956; pp. 191.
[14] C. A. Ezeabara, E. E. Okonkwo, Comparison of phytochemical and proximate components of leaf, stem and root of Croton hirtus L’Herit and Croton lobatus Linn. Journal of Medical and Health Research, 2016; 1(2): 24-33.
[15] Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis, 17th ed. International Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington D.C. 2000; pp. 2200.
[16] C. S. James, Analytical Chemistry of Food, 1st ed. Springer, New York. 1995; pp. 178.
[17] E. Etebu, Differences in fruit size, postharvest pathology and phytochemicals between Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombolu. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 2013; 2(1): 52-61
[18] O. Ndoye, N. Tchamou, Utilization and marketing trends for Irvingia gabonensis products in Cameroon. ICRAF-IITA Conference on Irvingia gabonensis; Ibadan, Nigeria. 1994; 20th May 1994.
[19] C. O. Okolo, P. B. Johnson, E. M. Abdurahman, I. Abdu-Aguye, I. M. Hussaini, Analgesic effect of Irvingia gabonensis stem bark extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1995; 45: 125–129.
[20] E. T. Ayuk, B. Duguma, S. Franzel, J. Kengue, S. M. Mollet, T. Tiki-Manga, P. Zenkekeng, Uses, management and economic potential of Irvingia gabonensis in the humid lowlands of Cameroon. Forest Ecology and Management, 1999; 113: 1-9.
[21] A. M. Egras, W. R. Hamilton, T. L. Lenz, M. S. Monaghan, An evidence-based review of fat modifying supplemental weight loss products. Journal of Obesity, 2011; 1–7.
[22] E. A. Asongalem, Anti-inflammatory, lack of central analysis and antipyrethic properties of Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anderson. Ethnopharmacology, 2004; 95: 63-68.
[23] New Zealand Food Safety Authority, Cyanogenic Glycosides. Information Sheet, 2006; pp. 7.
[24] C. A. Ezeabara, C. M. Ezeh, Evaluation of various parts of Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Mill.) Vahl for phytochemical, proximate, mineral and vitamin constituents. Biosciences Research in Today’s World, 2015; 1(1): 72-76.
[25] A. Dudding, How to solve a problem like a kea. Sunday Star Times, New Zealand, 2012; 29th July 2012.
[26] M. Pickhardt, Z. Gazova, M. von Bergen, I. Khlistunova, Y. Wang, A. Hascher, E. M. Mandelkow, J. Biernat, E. Mandelkow, Anthraquinones inhibit Tau aggregation and dissolve Alzheimer’s paired helical filaments in vitro and in cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2005; 280(5): 3628-3635.
[27] C. A. Ezeabara, C. U. Okeke, J.E. Amadi, Phytochemical, proximate, mineral and vitamin investigations of cormels of five varieties of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott found in Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria. American Journal of Life Science Researches, 2015; 3(4): 273-281.
Author Information
  • Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

  • Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Chinelo Anthonia Ezeabara, Ezeani Darlington Somtochukwu. (2016). Comparative Study of Phytochemical and Nutrient Contents of Various Parts of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’ Rorke) Baill. and Irvingia wombolu Vermoesen. International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2(2), 10-14. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20160202.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Chinelo Anthonia Ezeabara; Ezeani Darlington Somtochukwu. Comparative Study of Phytochemical and Nutrient Contents of Various Parts of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’ Rorke) Baill. and Irvingia wombolu Vermoesen. Int. J. Pharm. Chem. 2016, 2(2), 10-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpc.20160202.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Chinelo Anthonia Ezeabara, Ezeani Darlington Somtochukwu. Comparative Study of Phytochemical and Nutrient Contents of Various Parts of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’ Rorke) Baill. and Irvingia wombolu Vermoesen. Int J Pharm Chem. 2016;2(2):10-14. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpc.20160202.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijpc.20160202.11,
      author = {Chinelo Anthonia Ezeabara and Ezeani Darlington Somtochukwu},
      title = {Comparative Study of Phytochemical and Nutrient Contents of Various Parts of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’ Rorke) Baill. and Irvingia wombolu Vermoesen},
      journal = {International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry},
      volume = {2},
      number = {2},
      pages = {10-14},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijpc.20160202.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20160202.11},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijpc.20160202.11},
      abstract = {The phytochemical and nutrient constituents of seed, leaf, stem bark and root bark of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill. and I. wombolu Vermoesen were determined and compared with a view to providing additional taxonomic characters for differentiating between the two species, and to supply useful information that would lead to increased utilization of parts of these species in ethnobotany as food and drug. Significant difference was established at pIrvingia gabonensis revealed the greatest levels of alkaloid, anthraquinone, flavonoid, saponin and sterol in stem bark at 2.78±0.02%, 3.17±0.01%, 1.17±0.01%, 0.91±0.01% and 0.25±0.00% respectively; hydrogen cyanide and tannin in seed at 4.78±0.03 mg/kg and 1.25±0.00% respectively while terpenoid in the leaf was 0.45±0.00%. Least values of alkaloid, saponin, sterol, tannin and terpenoid were found in the root bark of I. wombolu at these values: 0.93±0.01%, 0.56±0.04%, 0.05±0.00%, 0.78±0.02% and 0.13±0.01% respectively. Nutrient determination of I. gabonensis and I. wombolu had carbohydrate as the highest nutrient with 68.44+0.04% in the root bark and 56.86±0.47% in the stem bark while lowest fat content was present in the root bark of I. gabonensis and stem bark of I. wombolu at 1.45±0.02% and 1.65±0.00% respectively. It was also observed that the seeds of Irvingia gabonensis and I. wombolu contained high percentage of crude protein at 17.43±0.03% and 16.61±0.01% respectively. These chemical characters could be applied as additional taxonomic parameters in distinguishing between these two species of Irvingia. In addition, the findings have shown that these various parts of both species could be useful in pharmaceutical preparations and ethnobotany as food and drug.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Comparative Study of Phytochemical and Nutrient Contents of Various Parts of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’ Rorke) Baill. and Irvingia wombolu Vermoesen
    AU  - Chinelo Anthonia Ezeabara
    AU  - Ezeani Darlington Somtochukwu
    Y1  - 2016/10/11
    PY  - 2016
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20160202.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijpc.20160202.11
    T2  - International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry
    JF  - International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry
    JO  - International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry
    SP  - 10
    EP  - 14
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-5749
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20160202.11
    AB  - The phytochemical and nutrient constituents of seed, leaf, stem bark and root bark of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill. and I. wombolu Vermoesen were determined and compared with a view to providing additional taxonomic characters for differentiating between the two species, and to supply useful information that would lead to increased utilization of parts of these species in ethnobotany as food and drug. Significant difference was established at pIrvingia gabonensis revealed the greatest levels of alkaloid, anthraquinone, flavonoid, saponin and sterol in stem bark at 2.78±0.02%, 3.17±0.01%, 1.17±0.01%, 0.91±0.01% and 0.25±0.00% respectively; hydrogen cyanide and tannin in seed at 4.78±0.03 mg/kg and 1.25±0.00% respectively while terpenoid in the leaf was 0.45±0.00%. Least values of alkaloid, saponin, sterol, tannin and terpenoid were found in the root bark of I. wombolu at these values: 0.93±0.01%, 0.56±0.04%, 0.05±0.00%, 0.78±0.02% and 0.13±0.01% respectively. Nutrient determination of I. gabonensis and I. wombolu had carbohydrate as the highest nutrient with 68.44+0.04% in the root bark and 56.86±0.47% in the stem bark while lowest fat content was present in the root bark of I. gabonensis and stem bark of I. wombolu at 1.45±0.02% and 1.65±0.00% respectively. It was also observed that the seeds of Irvingia gabonensis and I. wombolu contained high percentage of crude protein at 17.43±0.03% and 16.61±0.01% respectively. These chemical characters could be applied as additional taxonomic parameters in distinguishing between these two species of Irvingia. In addition, the findings have shown that these various parts of both species could be useful in pharmaceutical preparations and ethnobotany as food and drug.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections