Identification and Traceability of Microflora Contaminating the Different Stages of the Traditional Method of Shea Butter Processing

Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse; Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13

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Identification and Traceability of Microflora Contaminating the Different Stages of the Traditional Method of Shea Butter Processing

Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse, Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe

Published in International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 1, Issue 1)

Received: 9 October 2016 Accepted: 2 November 2016 Published: 20 December 2016

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Abstract

The study into the traceability of the microflora contaminating the different stages of the traditional method of Shea butter processing was carried out with the aim of identifying the points of microflora contamination and also to track the movement of the associated microflora along the different stages of Shea butter processing into the final product. The microflora associated with the samples collected from the various stages of Shea butter processing from some villages in Kwara State was determined using the International Confectionery Association (ICA) specifications. The schematic flowchart of the Shea butter processing was used as a technique to track the associated microflora from their points of contamination to the final product. The results revealed the presence of fungi such as A. flavus, A. niger (aggregates) and Penicllium sp as well as bacteria such as Salmonella parathyphi, Enterobacter sp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. The points of entrance of these pathogens into the different processing stages include the use of microbe-infected Shea kernels, water source and sources of cross-contamination. The results also showed that the different microflora could move along the different processing stages into the Shea butter. This was as a result of below standard processing practices. The traceability results also revealed a mean microbial load of 100 cfu/2g for the Shea kernels collected from Apaola, Ilota and Futu villages while that of the grounded kernels were 40,45 and 50 cfu/2g for Apaola, Ilota and Futu villages, respectively. The increase in the mean microbial load of the kneaded paste when compared with the grounded kernels was attributed to introduction of water and due to certain other activities of the processors. The isolation of microbes from the processed Shea butter obtained from the three study locations was largely as a result of sources of cross-contamination from the processing environment. The results of this study indicate that purity of water, clean processing environment, clean working utensils, use of non-microbe infested Shea kernels and hygienic condition of processors must be regarded as critical factors in the processing of good quality Shea butter.

Published in	International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 1, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13
Page(s)	16-24
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bacteria, Cross-contamination, Fungi, Shea Butter, and Traceability

References

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[11]	Esiegbuya DO., Osagie, JI., Okungbowa, FI. and Ekhorutomwen E.O. (2014). Fungi associated with the postharvest fungal deterioration of Shea nuts and kernels Intern. Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 4(5): 373-379.
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[16]	Karin, L. (2004). Vitellaria paradoxaand feasibility of Shea butter project in the North of Cameroon. Master of Science thesis submitted to the University of Montana, USA.
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[18]	Makun, H. A., Gbodi T. A., Akanya O. H., Salako A. E and Ogbadu G. H. (2009) Health implications of toxigenic fungi found in two Nigerian staples: guinea corn and rice. African Journal of Food Science, 3 (9): 250-256.
[19]	Maranz, S., Kpikpi, W., Wiesman, Z., Sauveur, A. D., Chapagain, B. (2004). Nutritional values and indigenous Preferences for Shea Fruits (Vitellaria Paradoxa C.F. Gaertn. F.) in African Agroforestry Parklands. Journal. of Economic Botany58(4): 588-600.
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APA Style

Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse, Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe. (2016). Identification and Traceability of Microflora Contaminating the Different Stages of the Traditional Method of Shea Butter Processing. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1(1), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13

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ACS Style

Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse; Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe. Identification and Traceability of Microflora Contaminating the Different Stages of the Traditional Method of Shea Butter Processing. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2016, 1(1), 16-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13

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AMA Style

Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse, Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe. Identification and Traceability of Microflora Contaminating the Different Stages of the Traditional Method of Shea Butter Processing. Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016;1(1):16-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13,
  author = {Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse and Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe},
  title = {Identification and Traceability of Microflora Contaminating the Different Stages of the Traditional Method of Shea Butter Processing},
  journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {16-24},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20160101.13},
  abstract = {The study into the traceability of the microflora contaminating the different stages of the traditional method of Shea butter processing was carried out with the aim of identifying the points of microflora contamination and also to track the movement of the associated microflora along the different stages of Shea butter processing into the final product. The microflora associated with the samples collected from the various stages of Shea butter processing from some villages in Kwara State was determined using the International Confectionery Association (ICA) specifications. The schematic flowchart of the Shea butter processing was used as a technique to track the associated microflora from their points of contamination to the final product. The results revealed the presence of fungi such as A. flavus, A. niger (aggregates) and Penicllium sp as well as bacteria such as Salmonella parathyphi, Enterobacter sp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. The points of entrance of these pathogens into the different processing stages include the use of microbe-infected Shea kernels, water source and sources of cross-contamination. The results also showed that the different microflora could move along the different processing stages into the Shea butter. This was as a result of below standard processing practices. The traceability results also revealed a mean microbial load of 100 cfu/2g for the Shea kernels collected from Apaola, Ilota and Futu villages while that of the grounded kernels were 40,45 and 50 cfu/2g for Apaola, Ilota and Futu villages, respectively. The increase in the mean microbial load of the kneaded paste when compared with the grounded kernels was attributed to introduction of water and due to certain other activities of the processors. The isolation of microbes from the processed Shea butter obtained from the three study locations was largely as a result of sources of cross-contamination from the processing environment. The results of this study indicate that purity of water, clean processing environment, clean working utensils, use of non-microbe infested Shea kernels and hygienic condition of processors must be regarded as critical factors in the processing of good quality Shea butter.},
 year = {2016}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Identification and Traceability of Microflora Contaminating the Different Stages of the Traditional Method of Shea Butter Processing
AU  - Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse
AU  - Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe
Y1  - 2016/12/20
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13
T2  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
JF  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
JO  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
SP  - 16
EP  - 24
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9686
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13
AB  - The study into the traceability of the microflora contaminating the different stages of the traditional method of Shea butter processing was carried out with the aim of identifying the points of microflora contamination and also to track the movement of the associated microflora along the different stages of Shea butter processing into the final product. The microflora associated with the samples collected from the various stages of Shea butter processing from some villages in Kwara State was determined using the International Confectionery Association (ICA) specifications. The schematic flowchart of the Shea butter processing was used as a technique to track the associated microflora from their points of contamination to the final product. The results revealed the presence of fungi such as A. flavus, A. niger (aggregates) and Penicllium sp as well as bacteria such as Salmonella parathyphi, Enterobacter sp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. The points of entrance of these pathogens into the different processing stages include the use of microbe-infected Shea kernels, water source and sources of cross-contamination. The results also showed that the different microflora could move along the different processing stages into the Shea butter. This was as a result of below standard processing practices. The traceability results also revealed a mean microbial load of 100 cfu/2g for the Shea kernels collected from Apaola, Ilota and Futu villages while that of the grounded kernels were 40,45 and 50 cfu/2g for Apaola, Ilota and Futu villages, respectively. The increase in the mean microbial load of the kneaded paste when compared with the grounded kernels was attributed to introduction of water and due to certain other activities of the processors. The isolation of microbes from the processed Shea butter obtained from the three study locations was largely as a result of sources of cross-contamination from the processing environment. The results of this study indicate that purity of water, clean processing environment, clean working utensils, use of non-microbe infested Shea kernels and hygienic condition of processors must be regarded as critical factors in the processing of good quality Shea butter.
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse

Plant Pathology Division, Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR), Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe

Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

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Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse, Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe. (2016). Identification and Traceability of Microflora Contaminating the Different Stages of the Traditional Method of Shea Butter Processing. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1(1), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13

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ACS Style

Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse; Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe. Identification and Traceability of Microflora Contaminating the Different Stages of the Traditional Method of Shea Butter Processing. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2016, 1(1), 16-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13

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AMA Style

Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse, Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe. Identification and Traceability of Microflora Contaminating the Different Stages of the Traditional Method of Shea Butter Processing. Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016;1(1):16-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13,
  author = {Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse and Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe},
  title = {Identification and Traceability of Microflora Contaminating the Different Stages of the Traditional Method of Shea Butter Processing},
  journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {16-24},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20160101.13},
  abstract = {The study into the traceability of the microflora contaminating the different stages of the traditional method of Shea butter processing was carried out with the aim of identifying the points of microflora contamination and also to track the movement of the associated microflora along the different stages of Shea butter processing into the final product. The microflora associated with the samples collected from the various stages of Shea butter processing from some villages in Kwara State was determined using the International Confectionery Association (ICA) specifications. The schematic flowchart of the Shea butter processing was used as a technique to track the associated microflora from their points of contamination to the final product. The results revealed the presence of fungi such as A. flavus, A. niger (aggregates) and Penicllium sp as well as bacteria such as Salmonella parathyphi, Enterobacter sp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. The points of entrance of these pathogens into the different processing stages include the use of microbe-infected Shea kernels, water source and sources of cross-contamination. The results also showed that the different microflora could move along the different processing stages into the Shea butter. This was as a result of below standard processing practices. The traceability results also revealed a mean microbial load of 100 cfu/2g for the Shea kernels collected from Apaola, Ilota and Futu villages while that of the grounded kernels were 40,45 and 50 cfu/2g for Apaola, Ilota and Futu villages, respectively. The increase in the mean microbial load of the kneaded paste when compared with the grounded kernels was attributed to introduction of water and due to certain other activities of the processors. The isolation of microbes from the processed Shea butter obtained from the three study locations was largely as a result of sources of cross-contamination from the processing environment. The results of this study indicate that purity of water, clean processing environment, clean working utensils, use of non-microbe infested Shea kernels and hygienic condition of processors must be regarded as critical factors in the processing of good quality Shea butter.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Identification and Traceability of Microflora Contaminating the Different Stages of the Traditional Method of Shea Butter Processing
AU  - Esiegbuya Daniel Ofeoritse
AU  - Okungbowa Francisca Iziegbe
Y1  - 2016/12/20
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13
T2  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
JF  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
JO  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
SP  - 16
EP  - 24
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9686
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20160101.13
AB  - The study into the traceability of the microflora contaminating the different stages of the traditional method of Shea butter processing was carried out with the aim of identifying the points of microflora contamination and also to track the movement of the associated microflora along the different stages of Shea butter processing into the final product. The microflora associated with the samples collected from the various stages of Shea butter processing from some villages in Kwara State was determined using the International Confectionery Association (ICA) specifications. The schematic flowchart of the Shea butter processing was used as a technique to track the associated microflora from their points of contamination to the final product. The results revealed the presence of fungi such as A. flavus, A. niger (aggregates) and Penicllium sp as well as bacteria such as Salmonella parathyphi, Enterobacter sp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. The points of entrance of these pathogens into the different processing stages include the use of microbe-infected Shea kernels, water source and sources of cross-contamination. The results also showed that the different microflora could move along the different processing stages into the Shea butter. This was as a result of below standard processing practices. The traceability results also revealed a mean microbial load of 100 cfu/2g for the Shea kernels collected from Apaola, Ilota and Futu villages while that of the grounded kernels were 40,45 and 50 cfu/2g for Apaola, Ilota and Futu villages, respectively. The increase in the mean microbial load of the kneaded paste when compared with the grounded kernels was attributed to introduction of water and due to certain other activities of the processors. The isolation of microbes from the processed Shea butter obtained from the three study locations was largely as a result of sources of cross-contamination from the processing environment. The results of this study indicate that purity of water, clean processing environment, clean working utensils, use of non-microbe infested Shea kernels and hygienic condition of processors must be regarded as critical factors in the processing of good quality Shea butter.
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
ER  -

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