Slaking Lime for Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Materials, Criticism of an Arabic Historical Manuscripts

Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan; Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani

doi:doi:10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15

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Slaking Lime for Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Materials, Criticism of an Arabic Historical Manuscripts

Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan, Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani

Published in Engineering and Applied Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 6)

Received: 20 November 2016 Accepted: 13 December 2016 Published: 5 January 2018

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Abstract

Slaking lime is an important and effective process for preparing mortars in conservation of historical buildings and archaeological artifacts based on lime. The lime mortars have been widely used since the Roman era, and lime became one of the important materials for conservation and restoration process to keep the authenticity of the historical materials and sustainability. In many cases, some conservators use black and white cement separately or mix with lime in conservation and restoration, or mix gypsum with lime. They think that will improve the strength of mortars, but all those procedures give bad results on the properties of the mortars, and cause irreversible deterioration for historical materials in both layers and surfaces. Through the mentioned problems, we should go back to historical documents to identify the best method for slaking process to get best results in any intervention needs lime mortars. So we depend on three historical resources from 13th A. H century the first historical manuscript entitled "message in architecture) preserved in king Saud university No.3392 without any previous criticism, the second European historical book entitled" all kinds of Roman cement) translated to Arabic in 1829 AD, the third Arabic book entitled" Summary of ideas in architecture), those resources presented all methods of slaking to give information for researchers to evaluate slaking process after experimental studies which depend on several factors, the main target of the research is to provide conservators with information about slaking process for preparing mortars with good properties in all conservation interventions in artefacts and historical buildings.

Published in	Engineering and Applied Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15
Page(s)	125-131
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Lime, Slaking, Burning, Roman Cement, Conservation, Mortars, Historical

References

[1]	Despotou, Eleni, Schlegel Thomas, Shtiza Aurela, Verhest Freerik., "Literature study on the rate and mechanism of carbonation of lime in mortars", 9th International Masonry Conference, Guimarães, 2014, pp. 1-9.
[2]	Saleh. M, Hussain.,"buildings and construction engineering the first part building materials", second edition, the house of books, Cairo, 1930, p. 84.
[3]	Eleash. N. Farag., "Restoration of historical buildings, materials and archaeological artefacts", Dar Elmagd for printing, Damascus, Syria, 1989, p. 90.
[4]	Snow. Jessica. Hunnisett., "hot lime mixed mortars", published by Historic Scotland, 2015, p. 2.
[5]	Cornelia. Marinowitz, Claudia. Neuwald-Burg, Matthias. Pfeifer., "Historic Mortars, Characterization of Historic Mortars", Historic Documents in Understanding and Evaluation of Historic Lime Mortars Volume 7 of the series RILEM Book series, 2012, pp. 15-24.
[6]	Collepardi, M., "Degradation and restoration of masonry walls of historical buildings", Materials and Structures, Volume 23, Issue 2, 1990, pp. 81-10.
[7]	Dai, Shi. bing.," Buildings limes for cultural heritage in China", Heritage Science journal, 2013. pp 1-25.
[8]	Faria. Paulina, Ana. Martins.,"Influence of Air Lime type and Curing Conditions on Lime and Lime Metakaolin Mortars", Chapter Durability of Building Materials and Components Volume 3 of the series Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 2013, pp. 105-126.
[9]	Cazalla, O, E. Sebastián, G. Cultrone, M. Nechar, M. G. Bagur., "Three-way ANOVA interaction analysis and ultrasonic testing to evaluate air lime mortars used in cultural heritage conservation projects", Cement and Concrete Research, Volume 29, Issue 11, November 1999, pp. 1749–1752.
[10]	Arab industrial development &mining Organization, report of lime building, available online at (http://www.aidmo.org/smcacc/proj/index2.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=dd_download&fid=217&format=html&Itemid=0).
[11]	Matias. Gina, Paulina. Fariab, Isabel. Torresc., "Lime mortars with heat treated clays and ceramic waste: A review", Construction and Building Materials, Volume 73, 30 December 2014, pp. 125–136.
[12]	Pavía. S, and E. Treacy., "A comparative study of the durability and behavior of fat lime and feebly-hydraulic lime mortars", Materials and Structures, (2006), pp. 391–398.
[13]	Trosaad. Jeneral., "Roman cement industry", translated by Mohamed Abdulrazak, Cairo, the general Egyptian commission for books, 1829, pp. 11-13.
[14]	Válek. J. A, E. van Halema, A. Viania, M. Pérez-Estébaneza, R. Ševčíka, P. Šašeka., "Determination of optimal burning temperature ranges for production of natural hydraulic limes", Construction and Building Materials journal, Volume 66, 15 September 2014, pp. 771–780.
[15]	Aref, Mohamed., "Summary of ideas in architecture art", Bolaq printing house, Cairo, Egypt, volume 1, 1887, pp. 49-64.

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Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan, Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani. (2018). Slaking Lime for Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Materials, Criticism of an Arabic Historical Manuscripts. Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(6), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15

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Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan; Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani. Slaking Lime for Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Materials, Criticism of an Arabic Historical Manuscripts. Eng. Appl. Sci. 2018, 2(6), 125-131. doi: 10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15

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AMA Style

Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan, Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani. Slaking Lime for Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Materials, Criticism of an Arabic Historical Manuscripts. Eng Appl Sci. 2018;2(6):125-131. doi: 10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15

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@article{10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15,
  author = {Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan and Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani},
  title = {Slaking Lime for Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Materials, Criticism of an Arabic Historical Manuscripts},
  journal = {Engineering and Applied Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {125-131},
  doi = {10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.eas.20170206.15},
  abstract = {Slaking lime is an important and effective process for preparing mortars in conservation of historical buildings and archaeological artifacts based on lime. The lime mortars have been widely used since the Roman era, and lime became one of the important materials for conservation and restoration process to keep the authenticity of the historical materials and sustainability. In many cases, some conservators use black and white cement separately or mix with lime in conservation and restoration, or mix gypsum with lime. They think that will improve the strength of mortars, but all those procedures give bad results on the properties of the mortars, and cause irreversible deterioration for historical materials in both layers and surfaces. Through the mentioned problems, we should go back to historical documents to identify the best method for slaking process to get best results in any intervention needs lime mortars. So we depend on three historical resources from 13th A. H century the first historical manuscript entitled "message in architecture) preserved in king Saud university No.3392 without any previous criticism, the second European historical book entitled" all kinds of Roman cement) translated to Arabic in 1829 AD, the third Arabic book entitled" Summary of ideas in architecture), those resources presented all methods of slaking to give information for researchers to evaluate slaking process after experimental studies which depend on several factors, the main target of the research is to provide conservators with information about slaking process for preparing mortars with good properties in all conservation interventions in artefacts and historical buildings.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Slaking Lime for Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Materials, Criticism of an Arabic Historical Manuscripts
AU  - Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan
AU  - Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani
Y1  - 2018/01/05
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15
T2  - Engineering and Applied Sciences
JF  - Engineering and Applied Sciences
JO  - Engineering and Applied Sciences
SP  - 125
EP  - 131
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1468
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15
AB  - Slaking lime is an important and effective process for preparing mortars in conservation of historical buildings and archaeological artifacts based on lime. The lime mortars have been widely used since the Roman era, and lime became one of the important materials for conservation and restoration process to keep the authenticity of the historical materials and sustainability. In many cases, some conservators use black and white cement separately or mix with lime in conservation and restoration, or mix gypsum with lime. They think that will improve the strength of mortars, but all those procedures give bad results on the properties of the mortars, and cause irreversible deterioration for historical materials in both layers and surfaces. Through the mentioned problems, we should go back to historical documents to identify the best method for slaking process to get best results in any intervention needs lime mortars. So we depend on three historical resources from 13th A. H century the first historical manuscript entitled "message in architecture) preserved in king Saud university No.3392 without any previous criticism, the second European historical book entitled" all kinds of Roman cement) translated to Arabic in 1829 AD, the third Arabic book entitled" Summary of ideas in architecture), those resources presented all methods of slaking to give information for researchers to evaluate slaking process after experimental studies which depend on several factors, the main target of the research is to provide conservators with information about slaking process for preparing mortars with good properties in all conservation interventions in artefacts and historical buildings.
VL  - 2
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan

Department of Conservation, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani

Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Tourism and Archaeology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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APA Style

Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan, Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani. (2018). Slaking Lime for Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Materials, Criticism of an Arabic Historical Manuscripts. Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2(6), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15

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ACS Style

Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan; Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani. Slaking Lime for Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Materials, Criticism of an Arabic Historical Manuscripts. Eng. Appl. Sci. 2018, 2(6), 125-131. doi: 10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15

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AMA Style

Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan, Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani. Slaking Lime for Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Materials, Criticism of an Arabic Historical Manuscripts. Eng Appl Sci. 2018;2(6):125-131. doi: 10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15

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@article{10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15,
  author = {Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan and Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani},
  title = {Slaking Lime for Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Materials, Criticism of an Arabic Historical Manuscripts},
  journal = {Engineering and Applied Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {125-131},
  doi = {10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.eas.20170206.15},
  abstract = {Slaking lime is an important and effective process for preparing mortars in conservation of historical buildings and archaeological artifacts based on lime. The lime mortars have been widely used since the Roman era, and lime became one of the important materials for conservation and restoration process to keep the authenticity of the historical materials and sustainability. In many cases, some conservators use black and white cement separately or mix with lime in conservation and restoration, or mix gypsum with lime. They think that will improve the strength of mortars, but all those procedures give bad results on the properties of the mortars, and cause irreversible deterioration for historical materials in both layers and surfaces. Through the mentioned problems, we should go back to historical documents to identify the best method for slaking process to get best results in any intervention needs lime mortars. So we depend on three historical resources from 13th A. H century the first historical manuscript entitled "message in architecture) preserved in king Saud university No.3392 without any previous criticism, the second European historical book entitled" all kinds of Roman cement) translated to Arabic in 1829 AD, the third Arabic book entitled" Summary of ideas in architecture), those resources presented all methods of slaking to give information for researchers to evaluate slaking process after experimental studies which depend on several factors, the main target of the research is to provide conservators with information about slaking process for preparing mortars with good properties in all conservation interventions in artefacts and historical buildings.},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Slaking Lime for Restoration and Conservation of Historical Buildings and Materials, Criticism of an Arabic Historical Manuscripts
AU  - Sameh Abdelsalam Hassan
AU  - Abdulnaser Abdulrahman Al-Zahrani
Y1  - 2018/01/05
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15
T2  - Engineering and Applied Sciences
JF  - Engineering and Applied Sciences
JO  - Engineering and Applied Sciences
SP  - 125
EP  - 131
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1468
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eas.20170206.15
AB  - Slaking lime is an important and effective process for preparing mortars in conservation of historical buildings and archaeological artifacts based on lime. The lime mortars have been widely used since the Roman era, and lime became one of the important materials for conservation and restoration process to keep the authenticity of the historical materials and sustainability. In many cases, some conservators use black and white cement separately or mix with lime in conservation and restoration, or mix gypsum with lime. They think that will improve the strength of mortars, but all those procedures give bad results on the properties of the mortars, and cause irreversible deterioration for historical materials in both layers and surfaces. Through the mentioned problems, we should go back to historical documents to identify the best method for slaking process to get best results in any intervention needs lime mortars. So we depend on three historical resources from 13th A. H century the first historical manuscript entitled "message in architecture) preserved in king Saud university No.3392 without any previous criticism, the second European historical book entitled" all kinds of Roman cement) translated to Arabic in 1829 AD, the third Arabic book entitled" Summary of ideas in architecture), those resources presented all methods of slaking to give information for researchers to evaluate slaking process after experimental studies which depend on several factors, the main target of the research is to provide conservators with information about slaking process for preparing mortars with good properties in all conservation interventions in artefacts and historical buildings.
VL  - 2
IS  - 6
ER  -

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