International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology

| Peer-Reviewed |

Electrolyte Levels Analysis on Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Noongan Regional General Hospital, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Received: 16 October 2020    Accepted: 16 November 2020    Published: 19 November 2020
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, that affect the action of insulin on the target tissue. North Sulawesi is in the top 5 of 34 provinces in Indonesia with the highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus, based on the results of the 2018 Basic Health Research. The relationship between blood glucose and electrolytes is very complex, so there are still few studies looking for the relationship between the two in diabetes mellitus patients. This study aimed to find out the association between electrolytes levels (serum sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium) and fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted in April-September 2020 at Noongan Regional Hospital, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Demographic data including age, sex, symptoms, and oral anti-diabetic medication/insulin administration were collected, and then physical examination including body mass index was carried out. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Spearman Rank tests were used for statistical analysis. There is an inverse correlation between fasting blood glucose and serum sodium, chloride, and magnesium, but not significant. As for potassium, there is a direct correlation, but also not significant. In conclusion, only potassium has a positive correlation with fasting blood glucose, while other electrolytes have a negative correlation, however all of correlations are not significant.

DOI 10.11648/j.ijde.20200504.11
Published in International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology (Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2020)
Page(s) 54-60
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Diabetes Mellitus, Electrolyte, Blood Glucose

References
[1] Alberti, KG., Zimmet, PZ. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Provisional Report of A WHO Consultation. Diabet Med. 1998; Vol. 15 (7): p. 539-553.
[2] American Diabetes Association. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2020. Diabetes Care. 2020; Vol. 43 (1): p. S14-S31.
[3] Khan, RN., Saba, F., Kausar, SF., Siddiqui, MH. Pattern of Electrolyte Imbalance in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Experience from A Tertiary Care Hospital. Pak J Med Sci. 2019; Vol. 35 (3): p. 797-801.
[4] Wei, D., Liu, X., Jiang, J., Tu, R., Qiao, D., Li, R., et al. Mineralocorticoids, Glucose Homeostasis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Henan Rural Cohort study. J Diabetes Complications. 2020: Vol. 34 (5): p. 107558.
[5] Pamungkas, RA., Chamroonsawasdi, K. Self-Management Based Coaching Program to Improve Diabetes Mellitus Self-Management Practice and Metabolic Markers Among Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indonesia: A Quasiexperimental Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020; Vol. 14: p. 53-61.
[6] Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS). Prevalensi Diabetes Melitus Berdasarkan Diagnosis Dokter pada Penduduk Semua Umur Menurut Provinsi. Kementerian Kesehatan RI Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. 2018; p. 67-68.
[7] Valarmathi, A., Sastri, L. Evaluation of Electrolytes Level Imbalance as a Risk Factor for Chronic Complications in Diabetic Patients. Sch J App Med Sci. 2017; Vol. 5 (7E): p. 2934-2936.
[8] Pragna, D. A Study of Serum Electrolyte Levels and Lipid Profile in Chronic Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Saudi J. Med. 2018; Vol. 3 (8): p. 477-481.
[9] Datchinamoorthi, S., Vanaja, R., Rajagopalan, B. Evaluation of Serum Electrolytes in Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2016; Vol. 40 (1): p. 251-253.
[10] Arifin, B., Perwitasari, DA., Thobari, JA., Cao, Q., Krabbe, PFM., Postma, MJ. Translation, Revision, and Validation of the Diabetes Distress Scale for Indonesian Type 2 Diabetic Outpatients with Various Types of Complications. Value Health Reg Issues. 2017; Vol. 12C: p. 63-73.
[11] Sinclair, AJ., Abdelhafiz, AH. Age, Frailty and Diabetes – Triple Jeopardy fot Vulnerability to COVID-19 Infection: Commentary. EClinicalMedicine. 2020; Vol. 22: p. 100334.
[12] Sobers-Grannum, N., Murphy, MM., Nielsen, A., Guell, C., Samuels, TA., Bishop, L., et al. Female Gender Is a Social Determinant of Diabetes in the Caribbean: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015; Vol. 10 (5): p. e0126799.
[13] Dedinská, I., Graňák, K., Vnučák, M., Skálová, P., Kováčiková, L., Laca, Ľ., et al. Role of Sex In Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus Development: Are Men and Women Equal? J Diabetes Complications. 2019; Vol. 33 (4): p. 315-322.
[14] Casqueiro, J., Casqueiro, J., Alves, C. Infection in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Pathogenesis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012; Vol. 16 (1): p. S27-S36.
[15] Erener, S. Diabetes, Infectiom Risk and COVID-19: A Review. Mol Metab. 2020; Vol. 39: p. 101044.
[16] Rajagambeeram, R., Malik, I., Vijayan, M., Gopal, N., Ranganadin, P. Evaluation of Serum Electrolytes and Their Relation to Glycemic Status in Patients with T2DM. Int J Clin Biochem Res. 2020; Vol. 7 (1): p. 130–133.
[17] Karuppan, A., Sahay, MI., Ravindranathan, R., Haripriya, P., Sriram, DK., George, M. Electrolyte Disturbances Among Diabetic Patients Admitted in A Multi-Specialty Hospital in Southern India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2019; Vol. 13 (2): p. OC12-OC15.
[18] Kanduker, S., Ahmed, R., Khondker, F., Aharama, A., Afrose, N., Chowdhury, MAA. Electrolyte Disturbance in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2017; Vol. 10 (1): p. 27-35.
[19] Woyesa, SB., Gebisa, WC. Anshebo, DL. Assessment of Selected Serum Electrolyte and Associated Risk Factors in Diabetic Patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019; Vol. 12: p. 2811–2817.
[20] Kataoka, H., Yoshida, Y. Enhancement of The Serum Chloride Concentration by Administration of Sodium– Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor and Its Mechanisms and Clinical Signifcance in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Pilot Study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020; Vol. 12 (5): p. 1-7.
[21] Palmer, BF., Clegg, DJ. Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disturbances in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2015; Vol. 37 (3): p. 548-559.
Author Information
  • Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Laboratory, R. D Kandou Central General Hospital, Manado, Indonesia

  • Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia

  • Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia

  • Clinical Clerkship Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia

  • Department of Clinical Laboratory, R. D Kandou Central General Hospital, Manado, Indonesia

  • Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Diana Shintawati Purwanto, Yanti Meilen Mewo, Edmond Leonard Jim, Richardo Jordan Laloan, Hessyani Patrisia Theodora Raranta, et al. (2020). Electrolyte Levels Analysis on Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Noongan Regional General Hospital, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, 5(4), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20200504.11

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Diana Shintawati Purwanto; Yanti Meilen Mewo; Edmond Leonard Jim; Richardo Jordan Laloan; Hessyani Patrisia Theodora Raranta, et al. Electrolyte Levels Analysis on Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Noongan Regional General Hospital, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Int. J. Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020, 5(4), 54-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20200504.11

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Diana Shintawati Purwanto, Yanti Meilen Mewo, Edmond Leonard Jim, Richardo Jordan Laloan, Hessyani Patrisia Theodora Raranta, et al. Electrolyte Levels Analysis on Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Noongan Regional General Hospital, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Int J Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;5(4):54-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijde.20200504.11

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijde.20200504.11,
      author = {Diana Shintawati Purwanto and Yanti Meilen Mewo and Edmond Leonard Jim and Richardo Jordan Laloan and Hessyani Patrisia Theodora Raranta and Billy Johnson Kepel},
      title = {Electrolyte Levels Analysis on Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Noongan Regional General Hospital, North Sulawesi, Indonesia},
      journal = {International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology},
      volume = {5},
      number = {4},
      pages = {54-60},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijde.20200504.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20200504.11},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijde.20200504.11},
      abstract = {Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, that affect the action of insulin on the target tissue. North Sulawesi is in the top 5 of 34 provinces in Indonesia with the highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus, based on the results of the 2018 Basic Health Research. The relationship between blood glucose and electrolytes is very complex, so there are still few studies looking for the relationship between the two in diabetes mellitus patients. This study aimed to find out the association between electrolytes levels (serum sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium) and fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted in April-September 2020 at Noongan Regional Hospital, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Demographic data including age, sex, symptoms, and oral anti-diabetic medication/insulin administration were collected, and then physical examination including body mass index was carried out. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Spearman Rank tests were used for statistical analysis. There is an inverse correlation between fasting blood glucose and serum sodium, chloride, and magnesium, but not significant. As for potassium, there is a direct correlation, but also not significant. In conclusion, only potassium has a positive correlation with fasting blood glucose, while other electrolytes have a negative correlation, however all of correlations are not significant.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Electrolyte Levels Analysis on Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Noongan Regional General Hospital, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
    AU  - Diana Shintawati Purwanto
    AU  - Yanti Meilen Mewo
    AU  - Edmond Leonard Jim
    AU  - Richardo Jordan Laloan
    AU  - Hessyani Patrisia Theodora Raranta
    AU  - Billy Johnson Kepel
    Y1  - 2020/11/19
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20200504.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijde.20200504.11
    T2  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
    JF  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
    JO  - International Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology
    SP  - 54
    EP  - 60
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2640-1371
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijde.20200504.11
    AB  - Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, that affect the action of insulin on the target tissue. North Sulawesi is in the top 5 of 34 provinces in Indonesia with the highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus, based on the results of the 2018 Basic Health Research. The relationship between blood glucose and electrolytes is very complex, so there are still few studies looking for the relationship between the two in diabetes mellitus patients. This study aimed to find out the association between electrolytes levels (serum sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium) and fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted in April-September 2020 at Noongan Regional Hospital, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Demographic data including age, sex, symptoms, and oral anti-diabetic medication/insulin administration were collected, and then physical examination including body mass index was carried out. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Spearman Rank tests were used for statistical analysis. There is an inverse correlation between fasting blood glucose and serum sodium, chloride, and magnesium, but not significant. As for potassium, there is a direct correlation, but also not significant. In conclusion, only potassium has a positive correlation with fasting blood glucose, while other electrolytes have a negative correlation, however all of correlations are not significant.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections