International Journal of Materials Science and Applications

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Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Received: 21 August 2017    Accepted: 06 September 2017    Published: 16 October 2017
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Abstract

Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is considered in green chemistry, as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. In this paper, an innovative approach for preparation of flame retardant cotton fabric was obtained by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. A novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivative, tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (pdp) and a sulfur-nitrogen containing derivative, tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (pdpt) were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) and elemental analysis. pdp and pdpt were then used to treat cotton fabric processed in scCO2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical flame test (ASTM D6413-08), and limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics, and showed promising results. When the treated fabrics were tested using the vertical flame, we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing ambers upon self extinguishing. The results from cotton fabrics treated with new phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivatives demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as higher char yields due to the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, SEM was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics.

DOI 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11
Published in International Journal of Materials Science and Applications (Volume 6, Issue 6, November 2017)
Page(s) 269-276
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Cotton Fabric, Flame Retardant, Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Flame Test

References
[1] E. D. Weil and S. V. Levchik, Flame Retardants for Plastics and Textiles: Practical Applications. Munich, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag, 2009, pp. 197-225.
[2] A. R. Horrocks, B. K. Kandola, P. J. Davies, S. Zhang, and S. A. Padbury, “Developments in flame retardant textiles- a review”, Polymer Degradation Stability vol. 88(1), pp. 3-12, 2005.
[3] S. Hörold, “Phosphorus flame retardants in thermoset resins”, Polymer Degradation Stability vol. 64(3), pp. 427-431, 1999.
[4] H. Horacek, and R. Grabner, “Advantages of flame retardants based on nitrogen compounds”, Polymer Degradation Stability vol. 54(2-3), pp. 205-215, 1996.
[5] S. V. Levchik, “Introduction to flame retardancy and polymer flammability,” in Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites, A. B. Morgan and C. A. Wilkie, Eds. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007, pp. 1-19.
[6] E. D. Weil, “Synergists, adjuvants and antagonists in flame retardant systems,” in Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials, A. F. Grand and C. A. Wilkie, Eds. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999, pp. 115-145.
[7] C. Y. Yin, J. B. Li, Q. Xu, Q. Peng, Y. B. Liu, and X. Y. Shen, “Chemical modification of cotton cellulose in supercritical carbon dioxide: Synthesis and characterization of cellulose carbamate”, Carbohydrate Polymers vol. 67(2), pp. 147-154, 2007.
[8] G. Kraft, C. Muss, C. Adelwöhrer, T. Roder, and T. Rosenau, “Treatment of cellulosic fibers with supercritical carbon dioxide”, Lenzinger Berichte vol. 83, pp. 117–121, 2004.
[9] C. Tsioptsias, and C. Panayiotou, “Thermal stability and hydrophobicity enhancement of wood through impregnation with aqueous solutions and supercritical carbon dioxide”, Journal of Materials Science vol. 46 (16), pp. 5406–5411, 2011.
[10] L. V. Ginneken, and H. Weyten, “Particle formation using supercritical carbon dioxide,” in Carbon Dioxide Recovery and Utilization, M. Aresta, Ed. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003, pp. 123–136.
[11] G. Filardo, A. Galia, and A. Giaconia, “Modification of polymers in supercritical carbon dioxide,” in Carbon Dioxide Recovery and Utilization, M. Aresta, Ed. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003, pp. 197–207.
[12] American Society for Standards and Testing (ASTM D-2863-09) Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index) 2009.
[13] American Society for Standards and Testing (ASTM D-6413-08) Standard Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles (Vertical Flame Test) 2008.
[14] Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 8.03, West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International, 2013, pp 1–11.
[15] T.-M. Nguyen, S. Chang, B. Condon, R. Slopek, E. Graves, and M. Yoshioka-Tarver, “Structural effect of phosphoramidate derivatives on the thermal and flame retardant behaviors of treated cotton cellulose”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research vol. 52(13), pp. 4715-4724, 2013.
[16] A. A. Faroq, D. Price, G. J. Milnes, and A. R. Horrocks, “Thermogravimetric analysis study of the mechanism of pyrolysis of untreated and flame retardant treated cotton fabrics under a continuous flow of nitrogen”, Polymer Degradation and Stability vol. 44(3), pp. 323-333, 1994.
[17] Y. Chen, A. Frendi, S. S. Tewari, and M. Sibulkin, “Combustion properties of pure and fire-retarded cellulose”, Combustion and Flame vol. 84(1-2), pp. 121-140, 1991.
[18] Y. Chen, H. Peng, J. Li, Z. Xia, and H. Tan, “A novel flame retardant containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur”, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry vol. 115(2), pp. 1639-1649, 2014.
[19] J. Feng, J. Hao, and J. Du, “Some developments in halogen-free flame retardancy of polycarbonate and its blends,” in Fire and Polymers VI: New Advances in Flame Retardant Chemistry and Science, A. B. Morgan, C. A. Wilkie, and G. L. Nelson, Eds. Washington D. C.: American Chemical Society, 2012, pp. 113-122.
[20] A. R. Horrocks and S. C. Anand, Handbook of Technical Textiles. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Ltd and CRC Press LLC, 2000, Chap. 10.
[21] A. R. Horrocks and D. Price, Fire Retardant Materials. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Ltd and CRC Press LLC, 2001, Chap. 3-4.
Author Information
  • Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service - Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, USA

  • Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service - Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, USA

  • Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service - Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, USA

  • Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service - Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, USA

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  • APA Style

    Sechin Chang, Brian Condon, Jade Smith, Michael Easson. (2017). Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. International Journal of Materials Science and Applications, 6(6), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11

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    ACS Style

    Sechin Chang; Brian Condon; Jade Smith; Michael Easson. Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 2017, 6(6), 269-276. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11

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    AMA Style

    Sechin Chang, Brian Condon, Jade Smith, Michael Easson. Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Int J Mater Sci Appl. 2017;6(6):269-276. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11,
      author = {Sechin Chang and Brian Condon and Jade Smith and Michael Easson},
      title = {Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide},
      journal = {International Journal of Materials Science and Applications},
      volume = {6},
      number = {6},
      pages = {269-276},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmsa.20170606.11},
      abstract = {Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is considered in green chemistry, as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. In this paper, an innovative approach for preparation of flame retardant cotton fabric was obtained by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. A novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivative, tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (pdp) and a sulfur-nitrogen containing derivative, tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (pdpt) were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) and elemental analysis. pdp and pdpt were then used to treat cotton fabric processed in scCO2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical flame test (ASTM D6413-08), and limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics, and showed promising results. When the treated fabrics were tested using the vertical flame, we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing ambers upon self extinguishing. The results from cotton fabrics treated with new phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivatives demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as higher char yields due to the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, SEM was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Preparation of Flame Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Environmental Friendly Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
    AU  - Sechin Chang
    AU  - Brian Condon
    AU  - Jade Smith
    AU  - Michael Easson
    Y1  - 2017/10/16
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11
    T2  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
    JF  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
    JO  - International Journal of Materials Science and Applications
    SP  - 269
    EP  - 276
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2327-2643
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmsa.20170606.11
    AB  - Due to its environmentally benign character, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is considered in green chemistry, as a substitute for organic solvents in chemical reactions. In this paper, an innovative approach for preparation of flame retardant cotton fabric was obtained by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide with co-solvent. A novel phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivative, tetraethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonate (pdp) and a sulfur-nitrogen containing derivative, tetramethyl piperazine-1,4-diyldiphosphonothioate (pdpt) were synthesized, and their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) and elemental analysis. pdp and pdpt were then used to treat cotton fabric processed in scCO2. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical flame test (ASTM D6413-08), and limiting oxygen index (LOI, ASTM D2863-09) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics, and showed promising results. When the treated fabrics were tested using the vertical flame, we observed that the ignited fabrics self extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-on fabrics were neither consumed by flame, nor produced glowing ambers upon self extinguishing. The results from cotton fabrics treated with new phosphorus-nitrogen containing piperazine derivatives demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as higher char yields due to the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, SEM was employed to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

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