Assessment of Quality of <i>Artemisia afra</i> Powder Used as Antimalarial in Tanzania

Khamis Rashid Kheir; Francis Machum; Wilbrord Kalala; Pax Masimba; Ussi Makame Kombo; Mayassa Salum Ally

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14

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Assessment of Quality of Artemisia afra Powder Used as Antimalarial in Tanzania

Khamis Rashid Kheir, Francis Machum, Wilbrord Kalala, Pax Masimba, Ussi Makame Kombo, Mayassa Salum Ally

Published in Science Journal of Chemistry (Volume 8, Issue 5)

Received: 9 September 2020 Accepted: 22 September 2020 Published: 20 October 2020

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Abstract

The quality of herbal medicine can be affected by environmental conditions where by the medicinal plants are grown or collected, the area where they are dried and processed, storage conditions, transport conditions and manufacturing processes at the point of production. The study aimed to determine the quality of heavy metals, aflatoxins and microbial contaminants of Artemisia afra leaves powder used as herbal medicine processed at the Institute of Traditional Medicine of the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS). Artemisia afra leaves powder was obtained from The Institute of Traditional Medicine (ITM) in Tanzania where it is processed and packed as Fivisia. Microbial contaminants were analyzed by using plate count method for moulds and Shigella spp. while Most Probable Number (MPN) method used for determination of E. coli; Heavy metals were analyzed using; Inductively Couple Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and aflatoxin analysis was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The data were tabulated, expressed in mean±S. D and presented in graphs and compared to WHO guidelines. The quantity of molds was between 1.1× 10³ – 1.2× 10³ CFU/g which is below the legal limit according to WHO of maximum of 10⁵ CFU/g, none of the samples were contaminated with E. coli or Shigellas sp. Levels of heavy metals were within the permissible limit for consumed herbal product according to WHO standard guidelines; Chromium 1.69 ± 0.08 ppm, Lead 0.22 ± 0.01, Cadmium 0.08 ± 0.01, Mercury 0.15± 0.08 and Arsenic 0.04 ± 0.02. All samples were found below the detection limit for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. The Artemisia afra leaves powder processed and packed as Fivisia at the Institute of Traditional Medicine; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) is safe for human consumption based on the quality parameters that have been studied.

Published in	Science Journal of Chemistry (Volume 8, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14
Page(s)	119-123
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Artemisia afra, Heavy Metals, Aflatoxin, Microbial Contaminants, Traditional Medicine

References

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[3]	Gurav, N. et al. (2011) ‘Physicochemical and antimicrobial activity of single herbal formulation-capsule, containing Emblica Officinalis gaertn.’, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3 (SUPPL. 5), pp. 383–386.
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[7]	F. Van der Kooy et al; (2008) ‘Artemisia afra: A potential flagship for African Medicinal Plants’, South African Journal of Botany 75 (2009) 185–195.
[8]	H, Al Sabbaah and Zarooni, A. (2017) ‘Antibacterial effects and microbial quality of commonly consumed herbs in Dubai, United Arab Emirates’, 24 (December), pp. 2677–2684.
[9]	Karayil, S. and Ch, V. (2014) ‘Heavy Metal Analysis from Traditionally used Herb Ceropegia juncea ( Roxb.)’, 4 (12), pp. 7–11.
[10]	Barani, A., Nasiri, Z. and Jarrah, N. (2016) ‘Natural occurrence of Aflatoxins in commercial pepper in Iran’. Taylor & Francis, 0105. doi: 10.1080/09540105.2016.1148124.
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[13]	Noor, R. et al. (2013) ‘Microbial contamination in herbal medicines available in Bangladesh’, pp. 124–129.
[14]	Kosalec, I., Cvek, J. and Tomić, S. (2009) ‘Contaminants of medicinal herbs and herbal products’, Arhiv za Higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju, 60 (4), pp. 485–501. doi: 10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-2005.
[15]	World Health Organization, 2007. WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues. World Health Organization.
[16]	Al-juraifani, A. A. (2011) ‘Natural occurrence of fungi and aflatoxins of cinnamon in the Saudi Arabia’, 5 (8), pp. 460–465.
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[18]	Ngari, F. W. et al. (2013) ‘Investigation of Selected Pathogenic Microorganisms and Toxic Elements in Herbal Materials Used in Management of Oral Health in Nairobi County, Kenya’, Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 3 (12), pp. 1–7.
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APA Style

Khamis Rashid Kheir, Francis Machum, Wilbrord Kalala, Pax Masimba, Ussi Makame Kombo, et al. (2020). Assessment of Quality of Artemisia afra Powder Used as Antimalarial in Tanzania. Science Journal of Chemistry, 8(5), 119-123. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14

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ACS Style

Khamis Rashid Kheir; Francis Machum; Wilbrord Kalala; Pax Masimba; Ussi Makame Kombo, et al. Assessment of Quality of Artemisia afra Powder Used as Antimalarial in Tanzania. Sci. J. Chem. 2020, 8(5), 119-123. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14

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AMA Style

Khamis Rashid Kheir, Francis Machum, Wilbrord Kalala, Pax Masimba, Ussi Makame Kombo, et al. Assessment of Quality of Artemisia afra Powder Used as Antimalarial in Tanzania. Sci J Chem. 2020;8(5):119-123. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14

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@article{10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14,
  author = {Khamis Rashid Kheir and Francis Machum and Wilbrord Kalala and Pax Masimba and Ussi Makame Kombo and Mayassa Salum Ally},
  title = {Assessment of Quality of Artemisia afra Powder Used as Antimalarial in Tanzania},
  journal = {Science Journal of Chemistry},
  volume = {8},
  number = {5},
  pages = {119-123},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjc.20200805.14},
  abstract = {The quality of herbal medicine can be affected by environmental conditions where by the medicinal plants are grown or collected, the area where they are dried and processed, storage conditions, transport conditions and manufacturing processes at the point of production. The study aimed to determine the quality of heavy metals, aflatoxins and microbial contaminants of Artemisia afra leaves powder used as herbal medicine processed at the Institute of Traditional Medicine of the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS). Artemisia afra leaves powder was obtained from The Institute of Traditional Medicine (ITM) in Tanzania where it is processed and packed as Fivisia. Microbial contaminants were analyzed by using plate count method for moulds and Shigella spp. while Most Probable Number (MPN) method used for determination of E. coli; Heavy metals were analyzed using; Inductively Couple Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and aflatoxin analysis was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The data were tabulated, expressed in mean±S. D and presented in graphs and compared to WHO guidelines. The quantity of molds was between 1.1× 103 – 1.2× 103 CFU/g which is below the legal limit according to WHO of maximum of 105 CFU/g, none of the samples were contaminated with E. coli or Shigellas sp. Levels of heavy metals were within the permissible limit for consumed herbal product according to WHO standard guidelines; Chromium 1.69 ± 0.08 ppm, Lead 0.22 ± 0.01, Cadmium 0.08 ± 0.01, Mercury 0.15± 0.08 and Arsenic 0.04 ± 0.02. All samples were found below the detection limit for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. The Artemisia afra leaves powder processed and packed as Fivisia at the Institute of Traditional Medicine; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) is safe for human consumption based on the quality parameters that have been studied.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of Quality of Artemisia afra Powder Used as Antimalarial in Tanzania
AU - Khamis Rashid Kheir
AU - Francis Machum
AU - Wilbrord Kalala
AU - Pax Masimba
AU - Ussi Makame Kombo
AU - Mayassa Salum Ally
Y1 - 2020/10/20
PY - 2020
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14
DO - 10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14
T2 - Science Journal of Chemistry
JF - Science Journal of Chemistry
JO - Science Journal of Chemistry
SP - 119
EP - 123
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2330-099X
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14
AB - The quality of herbal medicine can be affected by environmental conditions where by the medicinal plants are grown or collected, the area where they are dried and processed, storage conditions, transport conditions and manufacturing processes at the point of production. The study aimed to determine the quality of heavy metals, aflatoxins and microbial contaminants of Artemisia afra leaves powder used as herbal medicine processed at the Institute of Traditional Medicine of the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS). Artemisia afra leaves powder was obtained from The Institute of Traditional Medicine (ITM) in Tanzania where it is processed and packed as Fivisia. Microbial contaminants were analyzed by using plate count method for moulds and Shigella spp. while Most Probable Number (MPN) method used for determination of E. coli; Heavy metals were analyzed using; Inductively Couple Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and aflatoxin analysis was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The data were tabulated, expressed in mean±S. D and presented in graphs and compared to WHO guidelines. The quantity of molds was between 1.1× 103 – 1.2× 103 CFU/g which is below the legal limit according to WHO of maximum of 105 CFU/g, none of the samples were contaminated with E. coli or Shigellas sp. Levels of heavy metals were within the permissible limit for consumed herbal product according to WHO standard guidelines; Chromium 1.69 ± 0.08 ppm, Lead 0.22 ± 0.01, Cadmium 0.08 ± 0.01, Mercury 0.15± 0.08 and Arsenic 0.04 ± 0.02. All samples were found below the detection limit for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. The Artemisia afra leaves powder processed and packed as Fivisia at the Institute of Traditional Medicine; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) is safe for human consumption based on the quality parameters that have been studied.
VL - 8
IS - 5
ER -

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Author Information

Khamis Rashid Kheir

Department of Natural Products Development and Formulation, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Francis Machum

Department of Natural Products Development and Formulation, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Wilbrord Kalala

Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmancy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Pax Masimba

Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Ussi Makame Kombo

Zanzibar Health Research Institute, Zanzibar, Tanzania
Mayassa Salum Ally

Zanzibar Health Research Institute, Zanzibar, Tanzania

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APA Style

Khamis Rashid Kheir, Francis Machum, Wilbrord Kalala, Pax Masimba, Ussi Makame Kombo, et al. (2020). Assessment of Quality of Artemisia afra Powder Used as Antimalarial in Tanzania. Science Journal of Chemistry, 8(5), 119-123. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14

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ACS Style

Khamis Rashid Kheir; Francis Machum; Wilbrord Kalala; Pax Masimba; Ussi Makame Kombo, et al. Assessment of Quality of Artemisia afra Powder Used as Antimalarial in Tanzania. Sci. J. Chem. 2020, 8(5), 119-123. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14

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AMA Style

Khamis Rashid Kheir, Francis Machum, Wilbrord Kalala, Pax Masimba, Ussi Makame Kombo, et al. Assessment of Quality of Artemisia afra Powder Used as Antimalarial in Tanzania. Sci J Chem. 2020;8(5):119-123. doi: 10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14

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@article{10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14,
  author = {Khamis Rashid Kheir and Francis Machum and Wilbrord Kalala and Pax Masimba and Ussi Makame Kombo and Mayassa Salum Ally},
  title = {Assessment of Quality of Artemisia afra Powder Used as Antimalarial in Tanzania},
  journal = {Science Journal of Chemistry},
  volume = {8},
  number = {5},
  pages = {119-123},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20200805.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjc.20200805.14},
  abstract = {The quality of herbal medicine can be affected by environmental conditions where by the medicinal plants are grown or collected, the area where they are dried and processed, storage conditions, transport conditions and manufacturing processes at the point of production. The study aimed to determine the quality of heavy metals, aflatoxins and microbial contaminants of Artemisia afra leaves powder used as herbal medicine processed at the Institute of Traditional Medicine of the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS). Artemisia afra leaves powder was obtained from The Institute of Traditional Medicine (ITM) in Tanzania where it is processed and packed as Fivisia. Microbial contaminants were analyzed by using plate count method for moulds and Shigella spp. while Most Probable Number (MPN) method used for determination of E. coli; Heavy metals were analyzed using; Inductively Couple Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and aflatoxin analysis was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The data were tabulated, expressed in mean±S. D and presented in graphs and compared to WHO guidelines. The quantity of molds was between 1.1× 103 – 1.2× 103 CFU/g which is below the legal limit according to WHO of maximum of 105 CFU/g, none of the samples were contaminated with E. coli or Shigellas sp. Levels of heavy metals were within the permissible limit for consumed herbal product according to WHO standard guidelines; Chromium 1.69 ± 0.08 ppm, Lead 0.22 ± 0.01, Cadmium 0.08 ± 0.01, Mercury 0.15± 0.08 and Arsenic 0.04 ± 0.02. All samples were found below the detection limit for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. The Artemisia afra leaves powder processed and packed as Fivisia at the Institute of Traditional Medicine; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) is safe for human consumption based on the quality parameters that have been studied.},
 year = {2020}
}

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