Comparative Performance of Forwarding Protocols Based on Detection Probability and Search Angle in a Multi-hop CDMA Wireless Sensor Networks

Uma Datta; Sumit Kundu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11

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Comparative Performance of Forwarding Protocols Based on Detection Probability and Search Angle in a Multi-hop CDMA Wireless Sensor Networks

Uma Datta, Sumit Kundu

Published in International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks (Volume 2, Issue 2)

Received: 20 May 2014 Accepted: 14 June 2014 Published: 30 June 2014

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Abstract

Energy conservation is one of the most important issues in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, where nodes are likely to rely on limited battery power. Many new algorithms have been proposed for the problem of routing data in sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a new forwarding technique where nodes are placed in a random fashion maintaining a minimum distance between any two nodes and study its performance on a multi-hop CDMA wireless sensor network (WSN). a new routing protocol where selection of intermediate node is based on a metric combining detection probability and maximum forwarding distance towards the sink is proposed to reduce retransmissions in a wireless channel impaired by path loss and shadow fading. We provide a detail description of the routing scheme based on the proposed concept and report on its energy and latency performance using end-to-end ARQ between source and final destination. Performance of this scheme is compared with an existing search angle based protocol, called nearest neighbor based forwarding, where an intermediate node in the route selects the nearest node within a sector angle, considered as search angle, towards the direction of the destination as the next hop. Lifetime of network in both cases is compared. Further, all parameters are estimated by incorporating error control scheme as applicable to WSN and compared with simple ARQ scheme. A solution for packet size optimization is introduced such that the effect of multi hop routing by varying different parameters are captured. Optimization solution is formalized by using different objective functions, i.e., packet throughput, energy efficiency, and resource utilization.

Published in	International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks (Volume 2, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11
Page(s)	14-25
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Multi-Hop Communication, Forwarding Protocol, Search Angle, Route Diversity, Packet Size Optimization, Node Lifetime

References

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[4]	L. Zhang and Y. Zhang, “Energy-Efficient Cross-Layer Protocol of Chan-nel-Aware Geographic-Informed Forwarding in Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE Transactions On Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 6, July 2009, pp. 3040-3052.
[5]	Panigrahi B., De S., Panda B.S., and Lan Sun Luk J.D., “Energy-Efficient Greedy Forwarding Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks”, Proceedings of IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference(vtc 2010- spring), pp.1-5.
[6]	Tsai Yuh-Ren, “Sensing Coverage for Randomly Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks in Shadowed Environments”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, January 2008, Vol.57, No.1, pp.556-564
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[8]	De, S., QIAO, C.,. Pados, D. A., Chatterjee, M. and Philip, S. J.,“An Integrated Cross-layer Study of Wireless CDMA Sensor Networks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, September, Vol.22, No.7, pp. 1271-1285.
[9]	Muqattash, A. and Krunz , M., " CDMA based MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks", Proceedings of ACM MobiHoc, June, Annapolis, MD, USA, Vol 1, pp 153-164.
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[13]	Mehmet C. Vuran, Ian F. Akyildiz, “ Cross-layer Packet Size Optimization for Wireless Terrestrial, Underwater, and Underground Sensor Networks”, Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2008, PP.780-788.
[14]	Tonguz, O. K. and Ferrari, G. “Adhoc Wireless Networks”, A Communication – Theoretic Perspective, Wiley publication, John Wiley and sons, 2004, England.
[15]	Datta, U.and Kundu, S., “Packet Size Optimization for Multi HopCDMA Wireless Sensor Networks with Nearest Neighbors Based Routing”, Proceed-ings of the Third International Conference on Emerging Applications of Information Technology (EAIT 2012), Nov. 29-Dec. 01, 2012, at Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata.
[16]	Jerez, R., Ruiz-Garcia, M. and Diaz-Estrella, A. (2000) “Effects of Mutipath Fading on BER Statistics in Cellular CDMA Networks with Fast Power Control”, IEEE Communications Letters, November, Vol.4, No.11, pg.-349-35.
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APA Style

Uma Datta, Sumit Kundu. (2014). Comparative Performance of Forwarding Protocols Based on Detection Probability and Search Angle in a Multi-hop CDMA Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks, 2(2), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11

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ACS Style

Uma Datta; Sumit Kundu. Comparative Performance of Forwarding Protocols Based on Detection Probability and Search Angle in a Multi-hop CDMA Wireless Sensor Networks. Int. J. Sens. Sens. Netw. 2014, 2(2), 14-25. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11

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AMA Style

Uma Datta, Sumit Kundu. Comparative Performance of Forwarding Protocols Based on Detection Probability and Search Angle in a Multi-hop CDMA Wireless Sensor Networks. Int J Sens Sens Netw. 2014;2(2):14-25. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11,
  author = {Uma Datta and Sumit Kundu},
  title = {Comparative Performance of Forwarding Protocols Based on Detection Probability and Search Angle in a Multi-hop CDMA Wireless Sensor Networks},
  journal = {International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {14-25},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijssn.20140202.11},
  abstract = {Energy conservation is one of the most important issues in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, where nodes are likely to rely on limited battery power. Many new algorithms have been proposed for the problem of routing data in sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a new forwarding technique where nodes are placed in a random fashion maintaining a minimum distance between any two nodes and study its performance on a multi-hop CDMA wireless sensor network (WSN). a new routing protocol where selection of intermediate node is based on a metric combining detection probability and maximum forwarding distance towards the sink is proposed to reduce retransmissions in a wireless channel impaired by path loss and shadow fading. We provide a detail description of the routing scheme based on the proposed concept and report on its energy and latency performance using end-to-end ARQ between source and final destination. Performance of this scheme is compared with an existing search angle based protocol, called nearest neighbor based forwarding, where an intermediate node in the route selects the nearest node within a sector angle, considered as search angle, towards the direction of the destination as the next hop. Lifetime of network in both cases is compared. Further, all parameters are estimated by incorporating error control scheme as applicable to WSN and compared with simple ARQ scheme. A solution for packet size optimization is introduced such that the effect of multi hop routing by varying different parameters are captured. Optimization solution is formalized by using different objective functions, i.e., packet throughput, energy efficiency, and resource utilization.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comparative Performance of Forwarding Protocols Based on Detection Probability and Search Angle in a Multi-hop CDMA Wireless Sensor Networks
AU  - Uma Datta
AU  - Sumit Kundu
Y1  - 2014/06/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11
T2  - International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks
JF  - International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks
JO  - International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks
SP  - 14
EP  - 25
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-1788
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11
AB  - Energy conservation is one of the most important issues in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, where nodes are likely to rely on limited battery power. Many new algorithms have been proposed for the problem of routing data in sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a new forwarding technique where nodes are placed in a random fashion maintaining a minimum distance between any two nodes and study its performance on a multi-hop CDMA wireless sensor network (WSN). a new routing protocol where selection of intermediate node is based on a metric combining detection probability and maximum forwarding distance towards the sink is proposed to reduce retransmissions in a wireless channel impaired by path loss and shadow fading. We provide a detail description of the routing scheme based on the proposed concept and report on its energy and latency performance using end-to-end ARQ between source and final destination. Performance of this scheme is compared with an existing search angle based protocol, called nearest neighbor based forwarding, where an intermediate node in the route selects the nearest node within a sector angle, considered as search angle, towards the direction of the destination as the next hop. Lifetime of network in both cases is compared. Further, all parameters are estimated by incorporating error control scheme as applicable to WSN and compared with simple ARQ scheme. A solution for packet size optimization is introduced such that the effect of multi hop routing by varying different parameters are captured. Optimization solution is formalized by using different objective functions, i.e., packet throughput, energy efficiency, and resource utilization.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Uma Datta

Electronics & Instrumentation Dept., CSIR-CMERI, Durgapur, India
Sumit Kundu

Dept. of ECE, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, India

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APA Style

Uma Datta, Sumit Kundu. (2014). Comparative Performance of Forwarding Protocols Based on Detection Probability and Search Angle in a Multi-hop CDMA Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks, 2(2), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11

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ACS Style

Uma Datta; Sumit Kundu. Comparative Performance of Forwarding Protocols Based on Detection Probability and Search Angle in a Multi-hop CDMA Wireless Sensor Networks. Int. J. Sens. Sens. Netw. 2014, 2(2), 14-25. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11

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AMA Style

Uma Datta, Sumit Kundu. Comparative Performance of Forwarding Protocols Based on Detection Probability and Search Angle in a Multi-hop CDMA Wireless Sensor Networks. Int J Sens Sens Netw. 2014;2(2):14-25. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11,
  author = {Uma Datta and Sumit Kundu},
  title = {Comparative Performance of Forwarding Protocols Based on Detection Probability and Search Angle in a Multi-hop CDMA Wireless Sensor Networks},
  journal = {International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {14-25},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijssn.20140202.11},
  abstract = {Energy conservation is one of the most important issues in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, where nodes are likely to rely on limited battery power. Many new algorithms have been proposed for the problem of routing data in sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a new forwarding technique where nodes are placed in a random fashion maintaining a minimum distance between any two nodes and study its performance on a multi-hop CDMA wireless sensor network (WSN). a new routing protocol where selection of intermediate node is based on a metric combining detection probability and maximum forwarding distance towards the sink is proposed to reduce retransmissions in a wireless channel impaired by path loss and shadow fading. We provide a detail description of the routing scheme based on the proposed concept and report on its energy and latency performance using end-to-end ARQ between source and final destination. Performance of this scheme is compared with an existing search angle based protocol, called nearest neighbor based forwarding, where an intermediate node in the route selects the nearest node within a sector angle, considered as search angle, towards the direction of the destination as the next hop. Lifetime of network in both cases is compared. Further, all parameters are estimated by incorporating error control scheme as applicable to WSN and compared with simple ARQ scheme. A solution for packet size optimization is introduced such that the effect of multi hop routing by varying different parameters are captured. Optimization solution is formalized by using different objective functions, i.e., packet throughput, energy efficiency, and resource utilization.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comparative Performance of Forwarding Protocols Based on Detection Probability and Search Angle in a Multi-hop CDMA Wireless Sensor Networks
AU  - Uma Datta
AU  - Sumit Kundu
Y1  - 2014/06/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11
T2  - International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks
JF  - International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks
JO  - International Journal of Sensors and Sensor Networks
SP  - 14
EP  - 25
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-1788
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssn.20140202.11
AB  - Energy conservation is one of the most important issues in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, where nodes are likely to rely on limited battery power. Many new algorithms have been proposed for the problem of routing data in sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a new forwarding technique where nodes are placed in a random fashion maintaining a minimum distance between any two nodes and study its performance on a multi-hop CDMA wireless sensor network (WSN). a new routing protocol where selection of intermediate node is based on a metric combining detection probability and maximum forwarding distance towards the sink is proposed to reduce retransmissions in a wireless channel impaired by path loss and shadow fading. We provide a detail description of the routing scheme based on the proposed concept and report on its energy and latency performance using end-to-end ARQ between source and final destination. Performance of this scheme is compared with an existing search angle based protocol, called nearest neighbor based forwarding, where an intermediate node in the route selects the nearest node within a sector angle, considered as search angle, towards the direction of the destination as the next hop. Lifetime of network in both cases is compared. Further, all parameters are estimated by incorporating error control scheme as applicable to WSN and compared with simple ARQ scheme. A solution for packet size optimization is introduced such that the effect of multi hop routing by varying different parameters are captured. Optimization solution is formalized by using different objective functions, i.e., packet throughput, energy efficiency, and resource utilization.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
ER  -

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