Clinical Medicine Research

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Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Among Health Care Personnel in the United States During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

Received: 09 October 2020    Accepted: 24 October 2020    Published: 04 November 2020
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Abstract

Introduction: Healthcare personnel (HCP) are at risk of psychological and emotional distress during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and explore the factors associated with depression and anxiety among HCP taking care of patients with COVID-19 in the United States (US). Methods: The study is cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based survey of HCP distributed in the US via email and social media between April 14, 2020 and May 5, 2020. Participants were stratified based on their occupation (i.e., registered nurses, other first responders, physicians, respiratory therapists, and nurse practitioners or physician assistants) and specialty. Practice settings were stratified based on hospital type (academic or community-based) and location. Study outcomes were prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; range: 0-27) and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD 7; range 0-21) questionnaires, respectively. Results: In all, 1426 HCP submitted surveys, predominantly females (81%), aged 31-40 years, and non-Hispanic white (78%). Overall, the prevalence of depression and anxiety was 57.4% and 56.7%, respectively. Factors associated with depression were HCP with COVID-19 risk factors (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1–1.94; P = .009), exposure (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.44–2.44; P = <.001), and being uncomfortable with hospital infection control policies (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.28–2.71; P = .001). Similarly, factors associated with anxiety included HCP with COVID-19 risk factors (OR = 1.36; CI = 1.03–1.81; P = .03), COVID-19 exposure (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.09–1.86; P = .01), and not being comfortable with the healthcare facility infection control policies (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.14–2.41; P = .008). Conclusion and Relevance: The majority of HCP surveyed had a high burden of depression and anxiety early in the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Organizations and institutions will need to develop preventive and management strategies to optimize and sustain the mental health of HCP, particularly under pandemic conditions.

DOI 10.11648/j.cmr.20200906.11
Published in Clinical Medicine Research (Volume 9, Issue 6, November 2020)
Page(s) 123-131
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This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Coronavirus, COVID-19, Pandemic, Health Care Personnel, Depression, Anxiety

References
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Author Information
  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States of America

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States of America

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States of America

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States of America

  • Office of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States of America

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States of America

  • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States of America

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  • APA Style

    Mandeep Singh, Khaled Mohamed Nada, Mirza Baig, Salik Malik, En-Shuo Hsu, et al. (2020). Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Among Health Care Personnel in the United States During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Clinical Medicine Research, 9(6), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200906.11

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    ACS Style

    Mandeep Singh; Khaled Mohamed Nada; Mirza Baig; Salik Malik; En-Shuo Hsu, et al. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Among Health Care Personnel in the United States During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Clin. Med. Res. 2020, 9(6), 123-131. doi: 10.11648/j.cmr.20200906.11

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    AMA Style

    Mandeep Singh, Khaled Mohamed Nada, Mirza Baig, Salik Malik, En-Shuo Hsu, et al. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Among Health Care Personnel in the United States During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Clin Med Res. 2020;9(6):123-131. doi: 10.11648/j.cmr.20200906.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.cmr.20200906.11,
      author = {Mandeep Singh and Khaled Mohamed Nada and Mirza Baig and Salik Malik and En-Shuo Hsu and Justin Seashore and Shawn Pua Nishi},
      title = {Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Among Health Care Personnel in the United States During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic},
      journal = {Clinical Medicine Research},
      volume = {9},
      number = {6},
      pages = {123-131},
      doi = {10.11648/j.cmr.20200906.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200906.11},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cmr.20200906.11},
      abstract = {Introduction: Healthcare personnel (HCP) are at risk of psychological and emotional distress during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and explore the factors associated with depression and anxiety among HCP taking care of patients with COVID-19 in the United States (US). Methods: The study is cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based survey of HCP distributed in the US via email and social media between April 14, 2020 and May 5, 2020. Participants were stratified based on their occupation (i.e., registered nurses, other first responders, physicians, respiratory therapists, and nurse practitioners or physician assistants) and specialty. Practice settings were stratified based on hospital type (academic or community-based) and location. Study outcomes were prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; range: 0-27) and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD 7; range 0-21) questionnaires, respectively. Results: In all, 1426 HCP submitted surveys, predominantly females (81%), aged 31-40 years, and non-Hispanic white (78%). Overall, the prevalence of depression and anxiety was 57.4% and 56.7%, respectively. Factors associated with depression were HCP with COVID-19 risk factors (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1–1.94; P = .009), exposure (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.44–2.44; P = <.001), and being uncomfortable with hospital infection control policies (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.28–2.71; P = .001). Similarly, factors associated with anxiety included HCP with COVID-19 risk factors (OR = 1.36; CI = 1.03–1.81; P = .03), COVID-19 exposure (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.09–1.86; P = .01), and not being comfortable with the healthcare facility infection control policies (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.14–2.41; P = .008). Conclusion and Relevance: The majority of HCP surveyed had a high burden of depression and anxiety early in the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Organizations and institutions will need to develop preventive and management strategies to optimize and sustain the mental health of HCP, particularly under pandemic conditions.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Among Health Care Personnel in the United States During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic
    AU  - Mandeep Singh
    AU  - Khaled Mohamed Nada
    AU  - Mirza Baig
    AU  - Salik Malik
    AU  - En-Shuo Hsu
    AU  - Justin Seashore
    AU  - Shawn Pua Nishi
    Y1  - 2020/11/04
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200906.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.cmr.20200906.11
    T2  - Clinical Medicine Research
    JF  - Clinical Medicine Research
    JO  - Clinical Medicine Research
    SP  - 123
    EP  - 131
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2326-9057
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cmr.20200906.11
    AB  - Introduction: Healthcare personnel (HCP) are at risk of psychological and emotional distress during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and explore the factors associated with depression and anxiety among HCP taking care of patients with COVID-19 in the United States (US). Methods: The study is cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based survey of HCP distributed in the US via email and social media between April 14, 2020 and May 5, 2020. Participants were stratified based on their occupation (i.e., registered nurses, other first responders, physicians, respiratory therapists, and nurse practitioners or physician assistants) and specialty. Practice settings were stratified based on hospital type (academic or community-based) and location. Study outcomes were prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; range: 0-27) and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD 7; range 0-21) questionnaires, respectively. Results: In all, 1426 HCP submitted surveys, predominantly females (81%), aged 31-40 years, and non-Hispanic white (78%). Overall, the prevalence of depression and anxiety was 57.4% and 56.7%, respectively. Factors associated with depression were HCP with COVID-19 risk factors (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1–1.94; P = .009), exposure (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.44–2.44; P = <.001), and being uncomfortable with hospital infection control policies (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.28–2.71; P = .001). Similarly, factors associated with anxiety included HCP with COVID-19 risk factors (OR = 1.36; CI = 1.03–1.81; P = .03), COVID-19 exposure (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.09–1.86; P = .01), and not being comfortable with the healthcare facility infection control policies (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.14–2.41; P = .008). Conclusion and Relevance: The majority of HCP surveyed had a high burden of depression and anxiety early in the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Organizations and institutions will need to develop preventive and management strategies to optimize and sustain the mental health of HCP, particularly under pandemic conditions.
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

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