International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences

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The Effects of Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Supplementation on Metrics of Safety and Health

Received: 09 November 2020    Accepted: 24 November 2020    Published: 08 December 2020
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Abstract

The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, very low-carbohydrate, moderate-protein diet that will induce a state of ketosis. Ketosis is a metabolic state characterized by elevated ketone body production in response to the absence of carbohydrates. Some drawbacks of the ketogenic diet are that it can be difficult to adhere to due to its restrictive nature, and it can also cause some undesirable side effects like gastrointestinal distress and increases in apoB-lipoproteins. In order to maximize the benefit of ketosis and to minimize side effects, supplementing with exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate may induce a state of temporary ketosis without undesirable side effects. In the present study, 22 healthy male and female adults consumed 12.75 grams of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts or maltodextrin placebo twice daily for 90 days. Comprehensive blood safety analysis, body composition, bone densitometry, psychological and immune surveys, and blood pressure were administered at baseline, 30, 60, and 90 days. There were no significant differences in any measures collected, indicating that exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate had no detrimental impact on fasting blood values such as electrolyte levels, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, complete blood count, body composition, bone density, psychological well-being, immune status, or blood pressure. We conclude that supplementing with exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate is safe and well-tolerated by healthy adults.

DOI 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20200906.13
Published in International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences (Volume 9, Issue 6, November 2020)
Page(s) 154-162
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Beta-Hydroxybutyrate, Ketosis, Safety, Exogenous Ketones

References
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Author Information
  • Research Department, The Applied Science and Performance Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

  • Research Department, The Applied Science and Performance Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

  • Research Department, The Applied Science and Performance Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

  • Research Department, The Applied Science and Performance Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

  • Research Department, The Applied Science and Performance Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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  • APA Style

    Matthew Stefan, Matthew Sharp, Raad Gheith, Ryan Lowery, Jacob Wilson. (2020). The Effects of Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Supplementation on Metrics of Safety and Health. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 9(6), 154-162. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20200906.13

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    ACS Style

    Matthew Stefan; Matthew Sharp; Raad Gheith; Ryan Lowery; Jacob Wilson. The Effects of Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Supplementation on Metrics of Safety and Health. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2020, 9(6), 154-162. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20200906.13

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    AMA Style

    Matthew Stefan, Matthew Sharp, Raad Gheith, Ryan Lowery, Jacob Wilson. The Effects of Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Supplementation on Metrics of Safety and Health. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2020;9(6):154-162. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20200906.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijnfs.20200906.13,
      author = {Matthew Stefan and Matthew Sharp and Raad Gheith and Ryan Lowery and Jacob Wilson},
      title = {The Effects of Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Supplementation on Metrics of Safety and Health},
      journal = {International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences},
      volume = {9},
      number = {6},
      pages = {154-162},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijnfs.20200906.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20200906.13},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnfs.20200906.13},
      abstract = {The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, very low-carbohydrate, moderate-protein diet that will induce a state of ketosis. Ketosis is a metabolic state characterized by elevated ketone body production in response to the absence of carbohydrates. Some drawbacks of the ketogenic diet are that it can be difficult to adhere to due to its restrictive nature, and it can also cause some undesirable side effects like gastrointestinal distress and increases in apoB-lipoproteins. In order to maximize the benefit of ketosis and to minimize side effects, supplementing with exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate may induce a state of temporary ketosis without undesirable side effects. In the present study, 22 healthy male and female adults consumed 12.75 grams of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts or maltodextrin placebo twice daily for 90 days. Comprehensive blood safety analysis, body composition, bone densitometry, psychological and immune surveys, and blood pressure were administered at baseline, 30, 60, and 90 days. There were no significant differences in any measures collected, indicating that exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate had no detrimental impact on fasting blood values such as electrolyte levels, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, complete blood count, body composition, bone density, psychological well-being, immune status, or blood pressure. We conclude that supplementing with exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate is safe and well-tolerated by healthy adults.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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    AU  - Matthew Stefan
    AU  - Matthew Sharp
    AU  - Raad Gheith
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    T2  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
    JF  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
    JO  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
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    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20200906.13
    AB  - The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, very low-carbohydrate, moderate-protein diet that will induce a state of ketosis. Ketosis is a metabolic state characterized by elevated ketone body production in response to the absence of carbohydrates. Some drawbacks of the ketogenic diet are that it can be difficult to adhere to due to its restrictive nature, and it can also cause some undesirable side effects like gastrointestinal distress and increases in apoB-lipoproteins. In order to maximize the benefit of ketosis and to minimize side effects, supplementing with exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate may induce a state of temporary ketosis without undesirable side effects. In the present study, 22 healthy male and female adults consumed 12.75 grams of beta-hydroxybutyrate salts or maltodextrin placebo twice daily for 90 days. Comprehensive blood safety analysis, body composition, bone densitometry, psychological and immune surveys, and blood pressure were administered at baseline, 30, 60, and 90 days. There were no significant differences in any measures collected, indicating that exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate had no detrimental impact on fasting blood values such as electrolyte levels, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, complete blood count, body composition, bone density, psychological well-being, immune status, or blood pressure. We conclude that supplementing with exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate is safe and well-tolerated by healthy adults.
    VL  - 9
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