Protein and energy malnutrition continues to be a global health problem particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is attributed to high levels of poverty where most households cannot afford animal source proteins. Cheaper and sustainable legumes can be used to address this. To evaluate the effect of soybean fortified porridges on the nutritional status of children in early childhood development centre at Mateka Primary School, Bungoma County. A longitudinal survey and Complete Randomized Design experimental design were employed in this study. The first porridge formulation was made of maize and soybean in the ratio 75:25, the second maize, and sorghum soybeans in the ratio 50:25:25 and the third formulation 100% maize. The three porridges were randomly allocated to three groups of the children and were fed for a period of six months with approximately 300ml of the porridge. Nutritional assessment was done at baseline, and every month for six months at the ninth month. At baseline, 30%, 6.7% and 10.8% of the children were stunted, wasted and underweight respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, there was significant (p<0.05) reduction in the levels of underweight (47.27%) and wasting (44.23%) in the soybean fortified porridge groups. The group fed on maize-soybean blend and maize-sorghum-soybean blend gained 1.77kgs and 0.62kgs respectively. In conclusion, soybean fortified porridges improved the nutritional status of the children. It is recommended that awareness of the nutritional benefits of soybean should be raised to increase its adoption in the households and also it will be valuable schools with feeding programs to introduce corn-soy blends or products as part of school meals.
| Published in | Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences (Volume 5, Issue 4) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.jfns.20170504.13 |
| Page(s) | 155-161 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Soybean Fortification, Nutritional Status, Pre-school Children
| [1] | UNICEF/WHO/World Bank (2015) Levels and trends in child malnutrition. UNICEF-WHO-World Bank group joint child malnutrition estimates. Key findings of the 2015 edition. Retrieved on 6th August, 2016 from http://unnicef-malnutritionestimates.org |
| [2] | World Hunger Education Service (2015) World Hunger and Poverty Facts and Statistics. Accessed on 8th August, 2016 from http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/world%20hunger%20facts%202002.htm |
| [3] | UNICEF (2013) Improving child Nutrition: The achievable imperative for global progress. Accessed on 10th June, 2016 from www.unicef.org/publications/index.html |
| [4] | FAO (2015) The state of food insecurity in the world. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i11683e/i1683e.pdf. Accessed 15th June, 2016. |
| [5] | Hoffman JR, Falvo MJ (2004) Protein – which is best? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine.3: 18-130. |
| [6] | Michaelsen KF, Floppe C, Root N, Kaestel P, Stougard M, Laurtzen L, Molgard C, Girma T, Friis H (2009)Choice of food ingredient for moderately malnourished children 6 month to 5 years of age. University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Journal of Food and Nutrition 30: 1-62. |
| [7] | Shiriki D, Igyor, MA, Gernah DI (2015) Nutritional evaluation of complementary food formulations from Maize, Soybean and Peanut Fortified with Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 6: 494-500. |
| [8] | Swick R (2007) Selecting soy protein for animal feed. 15th annual ASA-IM South East Asian feed technology and nutrition workshop. ASA-IM, Singapore. Pp 1-11. |
| [9] | Kolapo AL (2011) Soybean: Africa’s potential Cinderella Food Crop. Ibadan: Nigeria. |
| [10] | Akomo PO, Egli I, Okoth MW, Bahwere P, Cercamondi CI, Zeder C, Njage PMK, Owino VO (2016) Estimated Iron and Zinc Bioavailability in Soybean-Maize-Sorghum Ready to Use Foods: Effect of Soy Protein Concentrate and Added Phytase. Journal of Food Processing & Technology. 7: 556. |
| [11] | Government of Kenya (2014) The County Early Childhood Education Bill 2014. Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 108. |
| [12] | FAO (2003) Food energy - Methods of analysis and conversion factors. Food and Agriculture organization Nutrition paper 77. |
| [13] | Onoja US, Akubor PI, Gernar DI, Chinmma EC (2014) Evaluation of complementary food formulated from local staples and fortified with calcium, iron and zinc. Journal of Nutrition and Food Science. Vol 4(6): 1-6. |
| [14] | de Onis M, Onyango AW, Van den Broeck J, Chumlea WC, Martorell R (2004) Measurement and standardization protocols for anthropometry used in the construction of a new international growth reference. Food Nutr Bull. 25: S27–S36. |
| [15] | Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) & ICF Macro (2015) Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014-2015. Calverton, Maryland: KNBS and ICF Macro. |
| [16] | Grant F, Cole D, Kirimi S, Levin C, Garret D, Kariuki, S, Ouedarugo, H, Loechi, C. et al, (2016) Prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency among infants participating in the Mama Sasha proof of concept project in Western Kenya. |
| [17] | Standing committee on Nutrition (2016) An assessment of the situation regarding the principle of “ensuring that no one is left behind” at the global level: The United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition. Accessed on 2nd February, 2016 from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=30022&nr=120&menu=3170 |
| [18] | Dewey KG, Begum K (2011) Long-term consequences of stunting in early life. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 7(Suppl. 3), 5-18. |
| [19] | Waswa M, Keding BG, Irmgard J, Johannes H, Michael, BK (2015) Nutritional status, dietary diversity and morbidity among infants and children aged 6-23 months in rural western Kenya. Retrieved on 15th July 2016 from http://www.bioversity.org |
| [20] | Stephenson K, Amthor R, Mallowa S, Nungo R, Maziya-Dixon B, Gichuki S, Mbanaso A, Manary, M(2010) Consuming cassava as a staple food places children 2-5 years old at risk of inadequate protein intake, an observational study in Kenya and Nigeria. Nutrition Journal 9: 9. |
| [21] | Bisimwa G, Owino VO, Bahwere P, Dramax M, Donned P, Dibari F, Collins S (2012) Randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of a soybean-maize-sorghum-based ready-to-use complementary food paste on infant growth in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 95: 1157-64. |
| [22] | Were GM, Ohiokpehai O, Okeyo-Owuor JB, Mbagaya GM, Kimiywe J, Mbithe D, & Okello MM (2010) Soybean (Glycine max) complementation and the zinc status of HIV and AIDS affected children in Suba District, Kenya. AJFAND. (3): 2187-2202. |
| [23] | Kamau J, Ohiokpehai O, Mbithe D, Kimiywe J, Oteba L, Were GM, King’olla B (2008) Effect of soybean (Glycine max) Supplementation on nutritional status of school children aged 6-9 years from HIV affected households in Suba District, Kenya. MSc thesis. Kenyatta University. |
| [24] | Niyibituronsa M, Kyallo F, Mugo N, Gaidashova S (2014) Improving the nutritional status of malnourished children using soybean products in Rwanda. African Journal of Food, Agriculture and Development. Vol. 14 (4). |
| [25] | Kamau EH, Serrem CA, & Wakhu-Wamunga F, (2014) Nutrient composition, Efficacy and Consumer acceptability of soy fortified complementary foods from Western Kenya. Department of Family and Consumer Science, University of Eldoret. |
| [26] | Serrem CA, de Kock HL, Oelofse A, Taylor, JRN (2011) Soy fortified sorghum biscuits for supplementary feeding of school-age children. Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria. |
| [27] | Solomon M (2005) Nutritive Value of Three Potential Complementary Foods Based on Cereals and Legumes. The African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development (AJFAND). 5: 1-14. |
| [28] | Kismul H, Broeck JV, Lunde TM (2014) Diet and kwashiorkor: a prospective study from rural DR Congo. Peer J 2: e350; DOI 10.7717/peerj.350. |
| [29] | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011) Protein digestibility and absorption: Effects of fibre and the extent of individual variation. Retrieved on 23rd July, 2016 from www.fao.org. |
APA Style
Amos Kipkemoi Ronoh, Gertrude Mercy Were, Florence Wakhu-Wamunga, John Brian Wamunga. (2017). Effect of Soybean Fortified Porridges on the Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children 3-5Years Old from Western Kenya. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 5(4), 155-161. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20170504.13
ACS Style
Amos Kipkemoi Ronoh; Gertrude Mercy Were; Florence Wakhu-Wamunga; John Brian Wamunga. Effect of Soybean Fortified Porridges on the Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children 3-5Years Old from Western Kenya. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2017, 5(4), 155-161. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20170504.13
AMA Style
Amos Kipkemoi Ronoh, Gertrude Mercy Were, Florence Wakhu-Wamunga, John Brian Wamunga. Effect of Soybean Fortified Porridges on the Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children 3-5Years Old from Western Kenya. J Food Nutr Sci. 2017;5(4):155-161. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20170504.13
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.jfns.20170504.13,
author = {Amos Kipkemoi Ronoh and Gertrude Mercy Were and Florence Wakhu-Wamunga and John Brian Wamunga},
title = {Effect of Soybean Fortified Porridges on the Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children 3-5Years Old from Western Kenya},
journal = {Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages = {155-161},
doi = {10.11648/j.jfns.20170504.13},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20170504.13},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jfns.20170504.13},
abstract = {Protein and energy malnutrition continues to be a global health problem particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is attributed to high levels of poverty where most households cannot afford animal source proteins. Cheaper and sustainable legumes can be used to address this. To evaluate the effect of soybean fortified porridges on the nutritional status of children in early childhood development centre at Mateka Primary School, Bungoma County. A longitudinal survey and Complete Randomized Design experimental design were employed in this study. The first porridge formulation was made of maize and soybean in the ratio 75:25, the second maize, and sorghum soybeans in the ratio 50:25:25 and the third formulation 100% maize. The three porridges were randomly allocated to three groups of the children and were fed for a period of six months with approximately 300ml of the porridge. Nutritional assessment was done at baseline, and every month for six months at the ninth month. At baseline, 30%, 6.7% and 10.8% of the children were stunted, wasted and underweight respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, there was significant (p<0.05) reduction in the levels of underweight (47.27%) and wasting (44.23%) in the soybean fortified porridge groups. The group fed on maize-soybean blend and maize-sorghum-soybean blend gained 1.77kgs and 0.62kgs respectively. In conclusion, soybean fortified porridges improved the nutritional status of the children. It is recommended that awareness of the nutritional benefits of soybean should be raised to increase its adoption in the households and also it will be valuable schools with feeding programs to introduce corn-soy blends or products as part of school meals.},
year = {2017}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of Soybean Fortified Porridges on the Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children 3-5Years Old from Western Kenya AU - Amos Kipkemoi Ronoh AU - Gertrude Mercy Were AU - Florence Wakhu-Wamunga AU - John Brian Wamunga Y1 - 2017/07/12 PY - 2017 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20170504.13 DO - 10.11648/j.jfns.20170504.13 T2 - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences JF - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences JO - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences SP - 155 EP - 161 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-7293 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20170504.13 AB - Protein and energy malnutrition continues to be a global health problem particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is attributed to high levels of poverty where most households cannot afford animal source proteins. Cheaper and sustainable legumes can be used to address this. To evaluate the effect of soybean fortified porridges on the nutritional status of children in early childhood development centre at Mateka Primary School, Bungoma County. A longitudinal survey and Complete Randomized Design experimental design were employed in this study. The first porridge formulation was made of maize and soybean in the ratio 75:25, the second maize, and sorghum soybeans in the ratio 50:25:25 and the third formulation 100% maize. The three porridges were randomly allocated to three groups of the children and were fed for a period of six months with approximately 300ml of the porridge. Nutritional assessment was done at baseline, and every month for six months at the ninth month. At baseline, 30%, 6.7% and 10.8% of the children were stunted, wasted and underweight respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, there was significant (p<0.05) reduction in the levels of underweight (47.27%) and wasting (44.23%) in the soybean fortified porridge groups. The group fed on maize-soybean blend and maize-sorghum-soybean blend gained 1.77kgs and 0.62kgs respectively. In conclusion, soybean fortified porridges improved the nutritional status of the children. It is recommended that awareness of the nutritional benefits of soybean should be raised to increase its adoption in the households and also it will be valuable schools with feeding programs to introduce corn-soy blends or products as part of school meals. VL - 5 IS - 4 ER -
Information
Email: