Assessment of AflatoxinM1and Enteropathogenic Microorganism Levels in Milk Samples Vended in Cross River State, Nigeria

Peters Henry; Christine Emmanuel-Ikpeme

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16

| Peer-Reviewed

Assessment of AflatoxinM1and Enteropathogenic Microorganism Levels in Milk Samples Vended in Cross River State, Nigeria

Peters Henry, Christine Emmanuel-Ikpeme

Published in Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 3)

Received: 4 April 2014 Accepted: 28 April 2014 Published: 10 June 2014

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Aflatoxin M1 and enteropathogenic microorganism levels in milk samples vended in Cross River State were investigated. Thirty one milk samples were purchased from supermarkets and markets across the three (3) senatorial districts of Cross River State during August to November 2012. The milk samples were grouped into three (3) categories; A (Evaporated milk samples), B (Powdered milk samples), C (Infant milk formula). The milk samples were analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while enteropathogens (Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Mould, Mesophilic Aerobic bacteria and Coliform) were cultured for microbiological sensitivity test using standard methods. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was found in 100 percent of all the milk samples that were analyzed in this study. The contamination levels ranged from 0.06µg/l to 0.07g/l, while the mean value was 0.07µg/l. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the mean concentrations of AFM1 of the milk samples among the different categories. All the different milk samples (100%) exceeded the European Union maximum acceptable levels (0.05µg/l). None of the milk samples exceeded the Nigerian permissible limit (0.5µg/l). Salmonella, Escherichia Coli and Coliform bacteria were not detected in the milk samples. Aerobic Mesophilic bacteria and Mould were present in the milk samples but did not exceed the standard of 105cfu/ml for aerobic mesophilic bacteria and 102cfu/ml for mould. It is concluded that the milk samples vended in Cross River State contain aflatoxin M1 and detectable enteropathogen levels which fall within Nigerian regulatory limits.

Published in	Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16
Page(s)	81-86
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Aflatoxin M1, Pasteurized Milk, Measurement, Enteropathogens, Elisa, Nigeria

References

[1]	Aboloma, R. I. (2008). Microbiological analysis of bread samples from bakera sale-point in Ado-Ekiti State, Nigeria. Journal of Biotechnology and Environmental Science, 5(3):77-81.
[2]	Anderson, D., Yu, T. W., Hambly, R. J., Mendy, M. &Wild, C. P. (1999). Aflatoxin exposure and DNA damage in the comet assay in individuals from the Gambia, West Africa. Journal of Teratogenesis, 19:147-155.
[3]	Atanda, O., Ojuntubo, A., Adejumo, O., Ikeorah, J. &Akpan, I. (2007).Aflatoxin M1contamination in milk and ice cream in Abeokuta and Odeda local government of Ogun state, Nigeria.Chemosphere, 68:1455-1458.
[4]	Blach, R. E., Brown, K.H., Becher, S., Abdul Alion A. R. M. & Hug, I. (1982). Longitudinal studies of infectious diseases and physical growth of children in rural Bangladesh. Annual journal epidemiology, 5:315-323.
[5]	Bryne, R. (2004). Microbiological hazards that need to be managed during and after processing: An overview proceeding of the IDF/FAO International symposium of Dairy Safety and Hygiene, March 2-5, 2004, Capet Town, South Africa.
[6]	Celik, T. H., Sarimehmetoglu, B., & Kuplulu, O. (2005). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurized milk.VerterinarskiArhiv, 75 (1):57-65.
[7]	Dewick, P.M, (2009). A Biosynthetic Approach. Research Journal, 5: 122-124.
[8]	FAO (Food & Agriculture Organization) (1992). Sampling plans for aflatoxin analysis in peanuts and corn. FAO Food and Nutrition paper 55, Rome, Italy.
[9]	FAO (Food &Agriculture Organisation) (2001). Manual on the application of HACCP system in mycotoxins prevention and control.Food and Nutrition paper, 73: 87. Available from: http://www.fao.org/.
[10]	FAO (Food & Agriculture Organization) (2003). Monitoring progress towards the World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goals. Food and Nutrition Paper, 54: 23.
[11]	FDA (Food & Drug Administration) Amendments Act (2007). Action levels for an added poisonous or deleterious substance in Food. Register Reviews, 53: 5043-5044.
[12]	Gurbay, A., Aydın, S., Girgin, G., Engin, A. B. &Sahin, G. (2006). Assessment of aflatoxinM1 levels in milk in Ankara, Turkey. Food Control journal, 17: 1-4.
[13]	IARC (In-ternational Agency for Research on Cancer). (1993). Naturally occurring substances - food items and constituents. Carcinogenic Risk toHumans, Lyon, France, 56: 245–391.
[14]	McLean, M. (1995).Cellular interations and metabolism of aflatoxin. Journal of Pharmacology, 65: 163-192.
[15]	Nebedum, J.O.,&Obiakor, T. (2007).The effects of different preservation methods on the quality of nunu: A locally fermented Nigerian Dairy product. African Journal Biotechnology, 6: 454-458.
[16]	Okonkwo, O. I. (2011). Microbiological analysis and safety, evaluation of Nono: A fermented milk product consumed in most parts of Northern Nigeria. International Journal Dairy Science, 6:181-189.
[17]	Olsen, S. J., Ying, M. F., Davis, M. Deasy & Holland, B. (2004). Multidrug-resistant salmonella Typhimuirum infection from milk contaminated after pasteurization. Emerging infectious Disease, 10:932-935.
[18]	Pantoja, J. C. F., Reinemann, D. J.,&Ruegg, P. L. (2009).Association among milk quality indicators in raw milk.Journal of Diary Science, 92:4978-4987.
[19]	Parekh, T. S.,&Subhash, R. (2008).Molecular and bacteriological examination of milk from different milk animals with special reference to coliforms.Current Research Bacteriology, 1:56-63.
[20]	Ramesh, C.C., Kilara& Shah, N. P. (2008).Dairy processing and quality assurance.1st edition, wiley Blackwell publishing, New York. ISBN: 978-0-813-82756-8
[21]	Rastogi, S., Dwiveidi, P. D., Khanna, S. K., Das, M. (2004). Detection of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and infant milk products from Indian markets by ELISA. Food Control Journal, 15:287-290.
[22]	Roussi, V., Govaris, A., Varagouili, A., Botsoglou, N. A. (2002) Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw and market milk commercialized in Greece. Food Journal, 19:863-868.
[23]	Sefidgar, S. A., Mirzae, M., Assmar, M. &Naddaf, S. R. (2011).Aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized milk in Babol city, Mazandaran Province, Iran.IranianJournal of Public Health, 40 (1):115-118.
[24]	Strosnider, A., Baumgarther, E., Banziger, M. Bhat R. V., &Breiman R. (2006). Public Health Strategies for reducing aflatoxin exposure in developing countries: A workgroup report. Environmental Health Perspectives, 12:1898-1903.
[25]	Tajkarimi, M. F. (2007). Detection of aflatoxin M1 in raw and commercial pasteurized milk in urmia, Iran.Pakistan Journal Biological Science, 10:4103-4107.
[26]	Turner, P. C.,Sylla, A., Gong, Y.Y., Diallo, M. S., Sutcliffe, A. E. & Hall, A. Y. (2005). Reduction in exposure to carcionogenicaflatoxins by post-harvest intervention measures in West Africa. Journal of West Africa, 365(9475):1950-1956.
[27]	Van Egmond, H. P. (1991). Mycotoxins in dairy products.Food Chemistry Journal, 11: 289-307.
[28]	Williams W. P., Windham, G. L., Buckley, P. M. & Perkins, J. M. (2004).Southwestern corn borer damage and aflatoxin accumulation in conventional and transgenic corn hybrids.Agronomy Journal, 22:77-85.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Peters Henry, Christine Emmanuel-Ikpeme. (2014). Assessment of AflatoxinM1and Enteropathogenic Microorganism Levels in Milk Samples Vended in Cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2(3), 81-86. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Peters Henry; Christine Emmanuel-Ikpeme. Assessment of AflatoxinM1and Enteropathogenic Microorganism Levels in Milk Samples Vended in Cross River State, Nigeria. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2014, 2(3), 81-86. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Peters Henry, Christine Emmanuel-Ikpeme. Assessment of AflatoxinM1and Enteropathogenic Microorganism Levels in Milk Samples Vended in Cross River State, Nigeria. J Food Nutr Sci. 2014;2(3):81-86. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16,
  author = {Peters Henry and Christine Emmanuel-Ikpeme},
  title = {Assessment of AflatoxinM1and Enteropathogenic Microorganism Levels in Milk Samples Vended in Cross River State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {81-86},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jfns.20140203.16},
  abstract = {Aflatoxin M1 and enteropathogenic microorganism levels in milk samples vended in Cross River State were investigated. Thirty one milk samples were purchased from supermarkets and markets across the three (3) senatorial districts of Cross River State during August to November 2012. The milk samples were grouped into three (3) categories; A (Evaporated milk samples), B (Powdered milk samples), C (Infant milk formula). The milk samples were analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while enteropathogens (Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Mould, Mesophilic Aerobic bacteria and Coliform) were cultured for microbiological sensitivity test using standard methods. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was found in 100 percent of all the milk samples that were analyzed in this study. The contamination levels ranged from 0.06µg/l to 0.07g/l, while the mean value was 0.07µg/l. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the mean concentrations of AFM1 of the milk samples among the different categories. All the different milk samples (100%) exceeded the European Union maximum acceptable levels (0.05µg/l). None of the milk samples exceeded the Nigerian permissible limit (0.5µg/l). Salmonella, Escherichia Coli and Coliform bacteria were not detected in the milk samples. Aerobic Mesophilic bacteria and Mould were present in the milk samples but did not exceed the standard of 105cfu/ml for aerobic mesophilic bacteria and 102cfu/ml for mould. It is concluded that the milk samples vended in Cross River State contain aflatoxin M1 and detectable enteropathogen levels which fall within Nigerian regulatory limits.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of AflatoxinM1and Enteropathogenic Microorganism Levels in Milk Samples Vended in Cross River State, Nigeria
AU - Peters Henry
AU - Christine Emmanuel-Ikpeme
Y1 - 2014/06/10
PY - 2014
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16
DO - 10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16
T2 - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
JF - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
JO - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences
SP - 81
EP - 86
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2330-7293
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16
AB - Aflatoxin M1 and enteropathogenic microorganism levels in milk samples vended in Cross River State were investigated. Thirty one milk samples were purchased from supermarkets and markets across the three (3) senatorial districts of Cross River State during August to November 2012. The milk samples were grouped into three (3) categories; A (Evaporated milk samples), B (Powdered milk samples), C (Infant milk formula). The milk samples were analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while enteropathogens (Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Mould, Mesophilic Aerobic bacteria and Coliform) were cultured for microbiological sensitivity test using standard methods. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was found in 100 percent of all the milk samples that were analyzed in this study. The contamination levels ranged from 0.06µg/l to 0.07g/l, while the mean value was 0.07µg/l. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the mean concentrations of AFM1 of the milk samples among the different categories. All the different milk samples (100%) exceeded the European Union maximum acceptable levels (0.05µg/l). None of the milk samples exceeded the Nigerian permissible limit (0.5µg/l). Salmonella, Escherichia Coli and Coliform bacteria were not detected in the milk samples. Aerobic Mesophilic bacteria and Mould were present in the milk samples but did not exceed the standard of 105cfu/ml for aerobic mesophilic bacteria and 102cfu/ml for mould. It is concluded that the milk samples vended in Cross River State contain aflatoxin M1 and detectable enteropathogen levels which fall within Nigerian regulatory limits.
VL - 2
IS - 3
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Peters Henry

Biochemistry Department, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
Christine Emmanuel-Ikpeme

Biochemistry Department, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Peters Henry, Christine Emmanuel-Ikpeme. (2014). Assessment of AflatoxinM1and Enteropathogenic Microorganism Levels in Milk Samples Vended in Cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2(3), 81-86. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Peters Henry; Christine Emmanuel-Ikpeme. Assessment of AflatoxinM1and Enteropathogenic Microorganism Levels in Milk Samples Vended in Cross River State, Nigeria. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2014, 2(3), 81-86. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Peters Henry, Christine Emmanuel-Ikpeme. Assessment of AflatoxinM1and Enteropathogenic Microorganism Levels in Milk Samples Vended in Cross River State, Nigeria. J Food Nutr Sci. 2014;2(3):81-86. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16,
  author = {Peters Henry and Christine Emmanuel-Ikpeme},
  title = {Assessment of AflatoxinM1and Enteropathogenic Microorganism Levels in Milk Samples Vended in Cross River State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {81-86},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jfns.20140203.16},
  abstract = {Aflatoxin M1 and enteropathogenic microorganism levels in milk samples vended in Cross River State were investigated. Thirty one milk samples were purchased from supermarkets and markets across the three (3) senatorial districts of Cross River State during August to November 2012. The milk samples were grouped into three (3) categories; A (Evaporated milk samples), B (Powdered milk samples), C (Infant milk formula). The milk samples were analyzed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while enteropathogens (Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Mould, Mesophilic Aerobic bacteria and Coliform) were cultured for microbiological sensitivity test using standard methods. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was found in 100 percent of all the milk samples that were analyzed in this study. The contamination levels ranged from 0.06µg/l to 0.07g/l, while the mean value was 0.07µg/l. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between the mean concentrations of AFM1 of the milk samples among the different categories. All the different milk samples (100%) exceeded the European Union maximum acceptable levels (0.05µg/l). None of the milk samples exceeded the Nigerian permissible limit (0.5µg/l). Salmonella, Escherichia Coli and Coliform bacteria were not detected in the milk samples. Aerobic Mesophilic bacteria and Mould were present in the milk samples but did not exceed the standard of 105cfu/ml for aerobic mesophilic bacteria and 102cfu/ml for mould. It is concluded that the milk samples vended in Cross River State contain aflatoxin M1 and detectable enteropathogen levels which fall within Nigerian regulatory limits.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download