Effectiveness of a Physical Strength Improvement System in School-Age Children Based on the Action Plan of City O

Ken-ichi Watanabe; Keiko Abe; Takafumi Yamate; Kan-ichi Mimura; Katsunori Fujii

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14

| Peer-Reviewed

Effectiveness of a Physical Strength Improvement System in School-Age Children Based on the Action Plan of City O

Ken-ichi Watanabe, Keiko Abe, Takafumi Yamate, Kan-ichi Mimura, Katsunori Fujii

Published in American Journal of Sports Science (Volume 9, Issue 2)

Received: 7 June 2021 Accepted: 18 June 2021 Published: 23 June 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

For school-age children to live with health and vitality in modern society, they need suitable physical strength and athletic ability, and measurements of physical strength and athletic ability that assesses those abilities are often considered essential. To address the problem of declining physical strength in recent years, City O has adopted an action plan. This action plan was established from a continuous 7-year survey of physique, physical strength, and athletic ability in fifth grade elementary school students and second year junior high school students. This study, to assess the effectiveness of City O’s action plan, examined whether the trends in physical strength and athletic ability over those 7 years were rising or falling by analyzing the changes over time. The system adopted in this action plan is to measure the same items as in the physical strength and athletic ability survey conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. From the results it is thought that an increase in exercise time was one factor in increased physical strength in City O. Behind this increase in exercise time was an increase in the percentage of children who belonged to a school team or sports club, and an increase in the percentage who responded that “Physical education class is fun.” Above all was that action plans were included in the annual programs of all elementary and junior high schools in City O. and intentionally and systematically implemented. Therefore, in the system for increased physical strength and athletic ability based on the action plan of City O, exercise and physical activity time is ensured with participation in school teams or sports clubs. Furthermore, it is recognized that increasing the percentage of students who say that “physical education class is fun” was effective in raising the total score for physical strength and athletic ability over time. Particularly in second year junior high school girls, it would seem that the optimal valid physical strength of City O junior high school students could be advocated as a model for improving physical strength and athletic ability.

Published in	American Journal of Sports Science (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14
Page(s)	51-59
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Physical Strength, Athletic Ability, Exercise Habits, Changes over Time

References

[1]	T. Nishijima, “Declining trend in the physical strength of adolescents,” Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Vol. 52, pp. 4-14, 2002.
[2]	T. Nishijima, “Current status of physical strength in children,” Child, Growth and Development, Vol. 1, pp. 13-22, 2003.
[3]	S. Aoyama, “Loss of flexibility: results from sports tests”, Sports Journal, Vol. 167, pp. 2-6, 1994.
[4]	H. Kagaya, “What is the responsibility of adults for children's future: The current situation of children and the future of school physical education,” Physical Education, Vol. 45 (14), pp. 36-39, 1997.
[5]	H. Wakita, “Children's physical fitness is declining so much now,” Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Vol. 46, pp. 286-291, 1996.
[6]	H. Wakita, “Looking at Children's Crisis Situations: From Children's Physical Fitness and Motor Skills,” Physical Education Vol. 45 (14), pp. 26-29, 1997.
[7]	K. Watanabe, K. Fujii, K. Abe, Y. Kani and K. Mimura, “Analysis of Changes in Physical Strength over Time in Recent School-Age Students: Proposal for Multi-year Span Evaluation Chart with the O Model,” American Journal of Sports Science, Vol. 9 (1), pp. 17-26, 2021.
[8]	M. Kaga, K. Takahashi, Y. Kiyono, “Bipolarization of Frequency of Physical Activity in Childhood and Adolescence,” The Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society, Vol. 108, pp. 625-634, 2004.
[9]	K. Hirakawa, K. Takano, “Characteristics of boys and girls in the most superior and inferior groups on physical fitness with progress of bipolarization of physical fitness level,” Research on Growth and Development, Vol. 37, pp. 57-67, 2008.
[10]	Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Elementary School Curriculum Guidelines, 1998.
[11]	Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Elementary School Curriculum and Instruction Guide for Physical Education, 1998.
[12]	Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Junior High School Curriculum Guidelines, 1998.
[13]	Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Secondary School Learning Guideline Commentary on Health Physical Education, 1998.
[14]	Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Courses of Study for High School Students, 1999.
[15]	Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, High School Learning Guideline Commentary on Health and Physical Education, 1999.
[16]	K. Itani, “Local political issues related to the “Improvement of children's physical fitness”, focusing on conditions in metropolitan Tokyo and Osaka prefecture,” Japan J. Phys. Educ. Hlth. Sport Sci, Vol. 60, pp. 429-448, 2015.
[17]	K. Mimura, T. Kosaka, M. Sato, Y. Iriguchi, “Physical Fitness and Performance of School Children in Osaka City (I): in Primary School,” Memoirs of Osaka Kyoiku University, Vol. 38 (1), pp. 75-85, 1989 a.
[18]	K. Mimura, T. Kosaka, M. Sato, Y. Iriguchi, “Physical Fitness and Performance of School Children in Osaka City (II): in Junior High School and High School,” Memoirs of Osaka Kyoiku University, Vol. 38 (2), pp. 265-2731989 b.
[19]	Osaka City Education Committee, Report on the project to promote children's physical fitness in 2013, 2014.
[20]	Osaka City Education Committee, Report on the project to promote children's physical fitness in 2014, 2015.
[21]	Osaka City Education Committee, Report on the project to promote children's physical fitness in 2015, 2016.
[22]	Osaka City Education Committee, Report on the project to promote children's physical fitness in 2016, 2017.
[23]	Osaka City Education Committee, Report on the project to promote children's physical fitness in 2017, 2018.
[24]	Osaka City Education Committee, Report on the project to promote children's physical fitness in 2018, 2019.
[25]	Osaka City Education Committee, Report on the project to promote children's physical fitness in 2019, 2020.
[26]	Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 2013 National Survey on Physical Strength, Athletic Ability, and Exercise Habits, 2014.
[27]	Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 2014 National Survey on Physical Strength, Athletic Ability, and Exercise Habits, 2015.
[28]	K. Fujii, “Exploration of Human Resource Elements of Sports Athletes –Sports Talent and Tall Height–”, Production Management, Vol. 27 (1), pp. 161-169, 2020.
[29]	H. Naito, “Current state and issues in physical strength in children.” National Strength and Conditioning Association Japan, Vol. 18 (1), pp. 2-6, 2011.
[30]	H. Naka, S. Demura, “Influence of habitual exercise on physique and physical fitness in adolescent male students: From an examination of three-year longitudinal data,” Japanese Society of Physical Education, Vol. 39 (4), pp. 287-303, 1994.
[31]	S. Shimada, S. Demura, Y. Nagasawa, M. Minami, J. Matsuzawa, “Influence of The Difference of Continuous Exercise Enforcement Frequencies on Physique and Physical Fitness of Male Students at a National College of Technology: With an Examination of Three-Year Longitudinal Date,” Japan Society of Physiological Anthropology, Vol. 11 (2), pp. 69-74, 2006.
[32]	Y. Hikihara, K. Sasayama, K. Okishima, H. Mizuuchi, Y. Yoshitake, M. Adachi, K. Takamatsu, “Differences in the Relationship between Physical Activity and Physical Fitness in Early and Late Adolescence: Focusing on the "Quantitative" and "Intensity" Aspects of Physical Activity”, Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, Vol. 56, pp. 327-338, 2007.
[33]	K. Sasayama, K. Okishima, H. Mizuuchi, M, Adachi, “Relationship of daily physical activity and fitness in elementary school children,” The Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine, Vol. 58, pp. 295-304, 2009.
[34]	M. Kaga, K. Hirata, K. Takahashi, Y, Kiyono, “The Effect of Daily Physical Activity on Physical Fitness and Motor Ability during Growth Period,” The Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society, Vol. 106, pp. 655-664, 2002.
[35]	K. Abe, K. Mimura, M. Tetsuguchi, S. Katsuno, “Daily Physical Activity among the Students in the Upper-grade of Elementary School”, The Journal of Education and Health Science, V S. Toda, T. Watanabe, S. Tou, “Relationship between the amount of daily physical activity, physical fitness and physique of students in the upper grades of primary school,” Japanese Journal of School Health, Vol. 49, pp. 348-362, 2007. ol. 50, pp. 106-114, 2004.
[36]	S. Toda, T. Watanabe, S. Tou, “Relationship between the amount of daily physical activity, physical fitness and physique of students in the upper grades of primary school,” Japanese Journal of School Health, Vol. 49, pp. 348-362, 2007.
[37]	H. Maie, “A Relationship Between Daily Physical Activity and Physical Fitness of Children in Middle Grades of Elementary School,” Tokyo Future University bulletin, Vol. 10, pp. 145-153, 2017.
[38]	K. Kujima, T. Kuzuhara, N. Takamoto, M. Sakai, T. Komura, “Relationship between body position, physical fitness and lifestyle in junior high school students 1- A study on cross-sectional data of male students,” Bulletin of Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Vol. 22, pp. 99-109, 1988.
[39]	K. Watanabe, K. Mimura, “The present situation and problems of "fitness exercise" in high school Physical Education”, Osaka Seikei University Bulletin, Vol. 5, pp. 313-322, 2019.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ken-ichi Watanabe, Keiko Abe, Takafumi Yamate, Kan-ichi Mimura, Katsunori Fujii. (2021). Effectiveness of a Physical Strength Improvement System in School-Age Children Based on the Action Plan of City O. American Journal of Sports Science, 9(2), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ken-ichi Watanabe; Keiko Abe; Takafumi Yamate; Kan-ichi Mimura; Katsunori Fujii. Effectiveness of a Physical Strength Improvement System in School-Age Children Based on the Action Plan of City O. Am. J. Sports Sci. 2021, 9(2), 51-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ken-ichi Watanabe, Keiko Abe, Takafumi Yamate, Kan-ichi Mimura, Katsunori Fujii. Effectiveness of a Physical Strength Improvement System in School-Age Children Based on the Action Plan of City O. Am J Sports Sci. 2021;9(2):51-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14,
  author = {Ken-ichi Watanabe and Keiko Abe and Takafumi Yamate and Kan-ichi Mimura and Katsunori Fujii},
  title = {Effectiveness of a Physical Strength Improvement System in School-Age Children Based on the Action Plan of City O},
  journal = {American Journal of Sports Science},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {51-59},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajss.20210902.14},
  abstract = {For school-age children to live with health and vitality in modern society, they need suitable physical strength and athletic ability, and measurements of physical strength and athletic ability that assesses those abilities are often considered essential. To address the problem of declining physical strength in recent years, City O has adopted an action plan. This action plan was established from a continuous 7-year survey of physique, physical strength, and athletic ability in fifth grade elementary school students and second year junior high school students. This study, to assess the effectiveness of City O’s action plan, examined whether the trends in physical strength and athletic ability over those 7 years were rising or falling by analyzing the changes over time. The system adopted in this action plan is to measure the same items as in the physical strength and athletic ability survey conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. From the results it is thought that an increase in exercise time was one factor in increased physical strength in City O. Behind this increase in exercise time was an increase in the percentage of children who belonged to a school team or sports club, and an increase in the percentage who responded that “Physical education class is fun.” Above all was that action plans were included in the annual programs of all elementary and junior high schools in City O. and intentionally and systematically implemented. Therefore, in the system for increased physical strength and athletic ability based on the action plan of City O, exercise and physical activity time is ensured with participation in school teams or sports clubs. Furthermore, it is recognized that increasing the percentage of students who say that “physical education class is fun” was effective in raising the total score for physical strength and athletic ability over time. Particularly in second year junior high school girls, it would seem that the optimal valid physical strength of City O junior high school students could be advocated as a model for improving physical strength and athletic ability.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effectiveness of a Physical Strength Improvement System in School-Age Children Based on the Action Plan of City O
AU  - Ken-ichi Watanabe
AU  - Keiko Abe
AU  - Takafumi Yamate
AU  - Kan-ichi Mimura
AU  - Katsunori Fujii
Y1  - 2021/06/23
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14
T2  - American Journal of Sports Science
JF  - American Journal of Sports Science
JO  - American Journal of Sports Science
SP  - 51
EP  - 59
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8540
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14
AB  - For school-age children to live with health and vitality in modern society, they need suitable physical strength and athletic ability, and measurements of physical strength and athletic ability that assesses those abilities are often considered essential. To address the problem of declining physical strength in recent years, City O has adopted an action plan. This action plan was established from a continuous 7-year survey of physique, physical strength, and athletic ability in fifth grade elementary school students and second year junior high school students. This study, to assess the effectiveness of City O’s action plan, examined whether the trends in physical strength and athletic ability over those 7 years were rising or falling by analyzing the changes over time. The system adopted in this action plan is to measure the same items as in the physical strength and athletic ability survey conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. From the results it is thought that an increase in exercise time was one factor in increased physical strength in City O. Behind this increase in exercise time was an increase in the percentage of children who belonged to a school team or sports club, and an increase in the percentage who responded that “Physical education class is fun.” Above all was that action plans were included in the annual programs of all elementary and junior high schools in City O. and intentionally and systematically implemented. Therefore, in the system for increased physical strength and athletic ability based on the action plan of City O, exercise and physical activity time is ensured with participation in school teams or sports clubs. Furthermore, it is recognized that increasing the percentage of students who say that “physical education class is fun” was effective in raising the total score for physical strength and athletic ability over time. Particularly in second year junior high school girls, it would seem that the optimal valid physical strength of City O junior high school students could be advocated as a model for improving physical strength and athletic ability.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Ken-ichi Watanabe

Faculty of Education, Osaka Seikei University, Osaka-City, Japan
Keiko Abe

Faculty of Education, Osaka Seikei University, Osaka-City, Japan
Takafumi Yamate

Faculty of Sport Study, Biwako Seikei Sport College, Otsu-City, Japan
Kan-ichi Mimura

Faculty of Education, Osaka Seikei University, Osaka-City, Japan
Katsunori Fujii

Graduate School of Business Administration and Computer Science, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota-City, Japan

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ken-ichi Watanabe, Keiko Abe, Takafumi Yamate, Kan-ichi Mimura, Katsunori Fujii. (2021). Effectiveness of a Physical Strength Improvement System in School-Age Children Based on the Action Plan of City O. American Journal of Sports Science, 9(2), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ken-ichi Watanabe; Keiko Abe; Takafumi Yamate; Kan-ichi Mimura; Katsunori Fujii. Effectiveness of a Physical Strength Improvement System in School-Age Children Based on the Action Plan of City O. Am. J. Sports Sci. 2021, 9(2), 51-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ken-ichi Watanabe, Keiko Abe, Takafumi Yamate, Kan-ichi Mimura, Katsunori Fujii. Effectiveness of a Physical Strength Improvement System in School-Age Children Based on the Action Plan of City O. Am J Sports Sci. 2021;9(2):51-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14,
  author = {Ken-ichi Watanabe and Keiko Abe and Takafumi Yamate and Kan-ichi Mimura and Katsunori Fujii},
  title = {Effectiveness of a Physical Strength Improvement System in School-Age Children Based on the Action Plan of City O},
  journal = {American Journal of Sports Science},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {51-59},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajss.20210902.14},
  abstract = {For school-age children to live with health and vitality in modern society, they need suitable physical strength and athletic ability, and measurements of physical strength and athletic ability that assesses those abilities are often considered essential. To address the problem of declining physical strength in recent years, City O has adopted an action plan. This action plan was established from a continuous 7-year survey of physique, physical strength, and athletic ability in fifth grade elementary school students and second year junior high school students. This study, to assess the effectiveness of City O’s action plan, examined whether the trends in physical strength and athletic ability over those 7 years were rising or falling by analyzing the changes over time. The system adopted in this action plan is to measure the same items as in the physical strength and athletic ability survey conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. From the results it is thought that an increase in exercise time was one factor in increased physical strength in City O. Behind this increase in exercise time was an increase in the percentage of children who belonged to a school team or sports club, and an increase in the percentage who responded that “Physical education class is fun.” Above all was that action plans were included in the annual programs of all elementary and junior high schools in City O. and intentionally and systematically implemented. Therefore, in the system for increased physical strength and athletic ability based on the action plan of City O, exercise and physical activity time is ensured with participation in school teams or sports clubs. Furthermore, it is recognized that increasing the percentage of students who say that “physical education class is fun” was effective in raising the total score for physical strength and athletic ability over time. Particularly in second year junior high school girls, it would seem that the optimal valid physical strength of City O junior high school students could be advocated as a model for improving physical strength and athletic ability.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effectiveness of a Physical Strength Improvement System in School-Age Children Based on the Action Plan of City O
AU  - Ken-ichi Watanabe
AU  - Keiko Abe
AU  - Takafumi Yamate
AU  - Kan-ichi Mimura
AU  - Katsunori Fujii
Y1  - 2021/06/23
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14
T2  - American Journal of Sports Science
JF  - American Journal of Sports Science
JO  - American Journal of Sports Science
SP  - 51
EP  - 59
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8540
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20210902.14
AB  - For school-age children to live with health and vitality in modern society, they need suitable physical strength and athletic ability, and measurements of physical strength and athletic ability that assesses those abilities are often considered essential. To address the problem of declining physical strength in recent years, City O has adopted an action plan. This action plan was established from a continuous 7-year survey of physique, physical strength, and athletic ability in fifth grade elementary school students and second year junior high school students. This study, to assess the effectiveness of City O’s action plan, examined whether the trends in physical strength and athletic ability over those 7 years were rising or falling by analyzing the changes over time. The system adopted in this action plan is to measure the same items as in the physical strength and athletic ability survey conducted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. From the results it is thought that an increase in exercise time was one factor in increased physical strength in City O. Behind this increase in exercise time was an increase in the percentage of children who belonged to a school team or sports club, and an increase in the percentage who responded that “Physical education class is fun.” Above all was that action plans were included in the annual programs of all elementary and junior high schools in City O. and intentionally and systematically implemented. Therefore, in the system for increased physical strength and athletic ability based on the action plan of City O, exercise and physical activity time is ensured with participation in school teams or sports clubs. Furthermore, it is recognized that increasing the percentage of students who say that “physical education class is fun” was effective in raising the total score for physical strength and athletic ability over time. Particularly in second year junior high school girls, it would seem that the optimal valid physical strength of City O junior high school students could be advocated as a model for improving physical strength and athletic ability.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download