An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events

Elizabeth Mahon; Allan Hackett; Timothy Stott; Keith George; Ian Davies

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12

| Peer-Reviewed

An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events

Elizabeth Mahon, Allan Hackett, Timothy Stott, Keith George, Ian Davies

Published in American Journal of Sports Science (Volume 2, Issue 4)

Received: 4 July 2014 Accepted: 16 July 2014 Published: 30 July 2014

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Changes in hydration status have been shown to have deleterious effects on physiological functioning, physical performance, mental decision making, and subjective sensation of effort. This exploratory study assessed the hydration status of athletes taking part in mountain marathon events and the implications on performance, cognition and well-being markers. Twenty-nine male recreational athletes from the Original Mountain Marathon (OMM) and nineteen from the Longmynd Hike (LH) provided urine samples before, at mid-point (in the OMM) and after the events. Body mass; reaction time tests; and subjective ratings of well-being and effort were also collected/performed at these time points. Post-urine specific gravity (Usg) values [(OMM: 1.023 (range: 1.008 – 1.038) g/ml; LH: 1.024 (range: 1.014 – 1.035) g/ml] were significantly higher than pre-values [(OMM: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml; LH: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml] in both events (p < 0.01), but there was no significant change from mid- to post-event in the OMM (p > 0.05). There was no association between hydration status and overall performance in the LH, whilst change in Usg from pre- to mid-event was positively associated with performance in the OMM (r = .561, p = 0.004). Whilst no associations were observed between hydration status and reaction time, rate of perceived exertion and subjective ratings of nausea showed positive associations with Usg. These findings suggest that although changes in hydration status of this level may not significantly affect performance, they can impact on participant sensations of effort and well-being.

Published in	American Journal of Sports Science (Volume 2, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12
Page(s)	77-86
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Fluid, Exercise, Cognition, Running, Hill-Walking

References

[1]	D.J. Casa, P.M. Clarkson, and W.O. Roberts, “American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable on Hydration and Physical Activity: Consensus Statements.” Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 4, pp.115-127, 2005.
[2]	E.F. Coyle, “Fluid and fuel intake during exercise.” Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 22, pp.39-55, 2004.
[3]	M.N. Sawka, “Physiological consequences of hypohydration: exercise performance and thermoregulation.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 24, pp.657-670, 1992.
[4]	H.R. Clark, M.E. Barker, and B,M. Corfe, “Nutritional Strategies of Mountain Marathon Competitors – An Observational Study.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 15, pp. 160-172, 2005.
[5]	T.D. Noakes, Lore of Running. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2003.
[6]	American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), “Position Statement of the American College of Sports Medicine: prevention of heat injuries during distance running.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 7, pp. vii-ix, 1975.
[7]	T.D. Hew, J.N. Chorley, J.C. Cianca, and J.G. Divine, “The incidence, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of hyponatremia in marathon runners.” Clinical Journal of Sports medicine, vol. 13, pp.41-47, 2003.
[8]	International Olympic Committee (IOC). “IOC consensus statement on sports nutrition 2010.” Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 29:sup1, pp. S3-S4, 2011.
[9]	B. Murray, “Hydration and physical performance.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 26, pp. S542-S548, 2007.
[10]	G.K. McConnell, C.M. Burge, S.L. Skinner, and M. Hargreaves, “Influence of ingested fluid volumes on physiological responses during prolonged exercise.” Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol. 160, pp.149-156, 1997.
[11]	J.L. Fallowfield, C. Williams, J. Booth, B.H. Choo, and S. Growns, “Effect of water ingestion on endurance capacity during prolonged running.” Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 14, pp.497-502, 1996.
[12]	W.F. Kao, C.L. Shyu, and X.W. Yang, “Athletic performance and serial weight changes during 12- and 24-hour ultra-marathons.” Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.18, pp.155-158, 2008.
[13]	H.R. Lieberman, “Hydration and Cognition: A critical review and recommendations for future research.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol.26, pp.555S-561S, 2007.
[14]	P.N. Ainslie, I.T. Campbell, K.N. Frayn, S.M. Humphreys, D.P.M. MacLaren, T. Reilly, and K.R. Weserterp, “Energy balance, metabolism, hydration and performance during strenuous hill walking: the effect of age.” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.93, pp.714-723, 2002.
[15]	K.J. Ellis, “Selected body composition methods can be used in field studies.” Journal of Nutrition, vol.131, pp.1589S-1595S, 2001.
[16]	M. Stroud, “The nutritional demands of very prolonged exercise in man.” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol.57, pp.55-61, 1998.
[17]	L.E. Armstrong, “Hydration Assessment Techniques.” Nutrition Reviews, vol.63, pp.S40-S54, 2005.
[18]	S.M. Shirreffs, “Markers of hydration status.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.57, pp.S6-S9, 2003.
[19]	American College of Sports Medicine, “Position stand: Exercise and fluid replacement.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31802ca.597, 2007.
[20]	L.E. Armstrong, J.A. Soto, F.T. Hacker, J.R. Casa, S.A. Kavouras, and C.M. Maresh, “Urinary indices during dehydration, exercise and rehydration.” International Journal of Sports Nutrition, vol.8, pp.345-355, 1998.
[21]	M. Collardeau, J. Brisswalter, F. Vercruyssen, M. Audiffren, and C. Gaubault, “Single and Choice Reaction Time during Prolonged Exercise in Trained Subjects: Influence of Carbohydrate Availability.” European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.86, pp.150-156, 2001.
[22]	A.J. Hill, and J.E. Blundell, “Sensitivity of appetite control system in obese subjects to nutritional and serotoninergic challenges.” International Journal of Obesity, vol.14, pp.219-233, 1990.
[23]	P.N. Ainslie, I.T. Campbell, K.N. Frayn, S.M. Humphreys, D.P.M. MacLaren, T. Reilly, and K.R. Westerterp, “Energy balance, metabolism, hydration and performance during strenuous hill walking: the effect of age.” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.93, pp.714-723, 2002.
[24]	G. Borg, “Perceived Exertion as an indicator of somatic stress.” Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, vol.2, pp.92-98, 1970.
[25]	E. Blomstrand, P. Hassmen, B. Ekblom, and E.A. Newsholme, “Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on perceived exertion during exercise.” Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol.159, pp. 41-49, 1997.
[26]	P.N. Ainslie, K. Abbas, I.T. Campbell, K.N. Frayn, M. Harvie, M.A. Keegan, D.P.M. MacLaren, I.A. MacDonald, K. Paramesh, and T. Reilly, “Metabolic and appetite responses to prolonged walking under three isoenergetic diets.” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.92, pp.2061-2070, 2002.
[27]	A.C. Utter, J.I.E. Kang, R.J. Robertson, D.C. Nieman, E.C. Chaloupka, R.R. Suminski, and C.R. Piccinni, “Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on perceived exertion during a marathon.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol.34, pp.1779-1784, 2002.
[28]	M. Kruesman, S. Bucher, M. Bovard, B. Kayser, and p.A. Bovier, “Nutrient intake and performance during a mountain marathon: an observational study.” European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 94, pp. 151-157, 2005.
[29]	N. Tam, T. Hew-Butler, E. Papadopoulou, H. Nolte, and T.D. Noakes, “Fluid intake and changes in blood biochemistry, running speed and body mass during an 80km mountain trail race.” Medicina Sportiva, vol.13, pp.108-115, 2009.
[30]	N.E. Kimber, J.J. Ross, S.L. Mason, and D.B. Speedy, “Energy balance during an ironman triathlon in male and female triathletes.” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 12, pp. 47-62, 2002.
[31]	G.W. Mack, C.A. Weseman, G.W. Langhans, H. Scherzer, C.M. Gillan, and E.R. Nadel, “Body fluid balance in dehydrated healthy older men: thirst and renal osmoregulation.” Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.76, pp.1615-1623, 1994.
[32]	P.A. Phillips, B.J. Rolls, J.G. Ledingham, and J.J. Morton, “Body fluid changes, thirst and drinking in man during free access to water.” Physiology and Behaviour, vol.33, pp.357-363, 1984.
[33]	W.L. Kenney, and P. Chiu, P. “Influence of age on thirst and fluid intake.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol.33, pp.1524-1532, 2001.
[34]	K.E. Fallon, E. Broad, M.W. Thompson, and P.A. Reull, “Nutritional and fluid intake in a 100-km ultramarathon.” International Journal of Sports Nutrition, vol. 8, pp. 24-35, 1998.
[35]	R.J. Maughan, S.M. Shirreffs, and J.B. Leiper, “Errors in the estimation of hydration status from changes in body mass.” Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.25, pp.797-804, 2007.
[36]	R.F.G.J. King, C. Cooke, S. Carroll, and J. O’Hara, “Estimating changes in hydration status from changes in body mass: Considerations regarding metabolic water and glycogen storage.” Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.26, pp. 1361-1363, 2008.
[37]	F.E. Marino, J. Kannon, and D. Kay, “Neuromuscular responses to hydration in moderate to warm ambient conditions during self-paced high-intensity exercise.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.44, pp.961-967, 2010.
[38]	T. Mundel, “To drink or not to drink? Explaining “contradictory findings” in fluid replacement and exercise performance: evidence from a more valid model for real-life competition.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.45, pp.1-2, 2011.
[39]	E.D.B. Goulet, “Effect of exercise-induced dehydration on time-trial exercise performance: a meta-analysis.” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.45, pp.1149-1156, 2011.
[40]	M.MG. Wilson, and J.E. Morley, “Impaired cognitive function and mental performance in mild dehydration.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.57, pp.S24-S29, 2003.
[41]	K.E. D’Anci, F. Constant, and I.H. Rosenberg, I.H. “Hydration and cognitive function in children.” Nutrition Reviews, vol.64, pp.457-464, 2006.
[42]	H.R. Lieberman, G.P. Bathalon, C.M. Falco, F.M. Kramer, C.A. Morgan, and P. Niro, “Severe decrements in cognitive functions and mood induced by sleep loss, heat, dehydration, and undernutrition during simulated combat.” Biological Psychiatry, vol.57, pp.422-429, 2005.
[43]	A. Adan, “Cognitive performance and dehydration.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol.31, pp.71-78, 2012.
[44]	C. Cian, N. Koulmann, P. Barraud, C. Raphel, C. Jimenez, and B. Melin, “Influence of variation in body hydration on cognitive function: effect of hyperhydration, heat stress, and exercise-induced dehydration.” Journal of Psychophysiology, vol.14, pp.29-36, 2000.
[45]	D.S. Moran, S.J. Montain, and K.B. Pandolf, “Evaluation of different levels of hydration using a new physiological strain index.” American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol.275, pp.R854-R860, 1998.
[46]	R.J. Maughan, “Impact of mild dehydration on wellness and on exercise performance.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.57, pp.S19-S23, 2003.
[47]	M.P. Schwellnus, “Muscle Cramping in the Marathon: Aetiology and Risk Factors.” Sports Medicine, vol.37, pp.364-367, 2007.
[48]	A.P. Jung, P.A. Bishop, A. Al-Nawwas, and B. Dale, “Influence of hydration and electrolyte supplementation on incidence and time to onset of exercise-associated muscle cramps.” Journal of Athletic Training, vol.40, pp.71-75, 2005.
[49]	T.A. Robinson, J.A. Hawley, G.S. Palmer, G.R. Wilson, D.A. Gray, and T.D. Noakes, “Water ingestion does not improve 1-h cycling performance in moderate ambient temperatures.” European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.71, pp.153-160, 1995.
[50]	S.M. Shirreffs, and M.N. Sawka, “Fluid and electrolyte needs for training, competition and recovery.” Journal of Sports Sciences, vol.29, pp.S39-S46, 2011.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Elizabeth Mahon, Allan Hackett, Timothy Stott, Keith George, Ian Davies. (2014). An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events. American Journal of Sports Science, 2(4), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Elizabeth Mahon; Allan Hackett; Timothy Stott; Keith George; Ian Davies. An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events. Am. J. Sports Sci. 2014, 2(4), 77-86. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Elizabeth Mahon, Allan Hackett, Timothy Stott, Keith George, Ian Davies. An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events. Am J Sports Sci. 2014;2(4):77-86. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12,
  author = {Elizabeth Mahon and Allan Hackett and Timothy Stott and Keith George and Ian Davies},
  title = {An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events},
  journal = {American Journal of Sports Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {77-86},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajss.20140204.12},
  abstract = {Changes in hydration status have been shown to have deleterious effects on physiological functioning, physical performance, mental decision making, and subjective sensation of effort. This exploratory study assessed the hydration status of athletes taking part in mountain marathon events and the implications on performance, cognition and well-being markers. Twenty-nine male recreational athletes from the Original Mountain Marathon (OMM) and nineteen from the Longmynd Hike (LH) provided urine samples before, at mid-point (in the OMM) and after the events. Body mass; reaction time tests; and subjective ratings of well-being and effort were also collected/performed at these time points. Post-urine specific gravity (Usg) values [(OMM: 1.023 (range: 1.008 – 1.038) g/ml; LH: 1.024 (range: 1.014 – 1.035) g/ml] were significantly higher than pre-values [(OMM: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml; LH: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml] in both events (p  0.05). There was no association between hydration status and overall performance in the LH, whilst change in Usg from pre- to mid-event was positively associated with performance in the OMM (r = .561, p = 0.004). Whilst no associations were observed between hydration status and reaction time, rate of perceived exertion and subjective ratings of nausea showed positive associations with Usg. These findings suggest that although changes in hydration status of this level may not significantly affect performance, they can impact on participant sensations of effort and well-being.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events
AU  - Elizabeth Mahon
AU  - Allan Hackett
AU  - Timothy Stott
AU  - Keith George
AU  - Ian Davies
Y1  - 2014/07/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12
T2  - American Journal of Sports Science
JF  - American Journal of Sports Science
JO  - American Journal of Sports Science
SP  - 77
EP  - 86
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8540
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12
AB  - Changes in hydration status have been shown to have deleterious effects on physiological functioning, physical performance, mental decision making, and subjective sensation of effort. This exploratory study assessed the hydration status of athletes taking part in mountain marathon events and the implications on performance, cognition and well-being markers. Twenty-nine male recreational athletes from the Original Mountain Marathon (OMM) and nineteen from the Longmynd Hike (LH) provided urine samples before, at mid-point (in the OMM) and after the events. Body mass; reaction time tests; and subjective ratings of well-being and effort were also collected/performed at these time points. Post-urine specific gravity (Usg) values [(OMM: 1.023 (range: 1.008 – 1.038) g/ml; LH: 1.024 (range: 1.014 – 1.035) g/ml] were significantly higher than pre-values [(OMM: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml; LH: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml] in both events (p  0.05). There was no association between hydration status and overall performance in the LH, whilst change in Usg from pre- to mid-event was positively associated with performance in the OMM (r = .561, p = 0.004). Whilst no associations were observed between hydration status and reaction time, rate of perceived exertion and subjective ratings of nausea showed positive associations with Usg. These findings suggest that although changes in hydration status of this level may not significantly affect performance, they can impact on participant sensations of effort and well-being.
VL  - 2
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Elizabeth Mahon

Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Allan Hackett

Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Timothy Stott

Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Keith George

Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Ian Davies

Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Elizabeth Mahon, Allan Hackett, Timothy Stott, Keith George, Ian Davies. (2014). An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events. American Journal of Sports Science, 2(4), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Elizabeth Mahon; Allan Hackett; Timothy Stott; Keith George; Ian Davies. An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events. Am. J. Sports Sci. 2014, 2(4), 77-86. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Elizabeth Mahon, Allan Hackett, Timothy Stott, Keith George, Ian Davies. An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events. Am J Sports Sci. 2014;2(4):77-86. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12,
  author = {Elizabeth Mahon and Allan Hackett and Timothy Stott and Keith George and Ian Davies},
  title = {An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events},
  journal = {American Journal of Sports Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {77-86},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajss.20140204.12},
  abstract = {Changes in hydration status have been shown to have deleterious effects on physiological functioning, physical performance, mental decision making, and subjective sensation of effort. This exploratory study assessed the hydration status of athletes taking part in mountain marathon events and the implications on performance, cognition and well-being markers. Twenty-nine male recreational athletes from the Original Mountain Marathon (OMM) and nineteen from the Longmynd Hike (LH) provided urine samples before, at mid-point (in the OMM) and after the events. Body mass; reaction time tests; and subjective ratings of well-being and effort were also collected/performed at these time points. Post-urine specific gravity (Usg) values [(OMM: 1.023 (range: 1.008 – 1.038) g/ml; LH: 1.024 (range: 1.014 – 1.035) g/ml] were significantly higher than pre-values [(OMM: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml; LH: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml] in both events (p  0.05). There was no association between hydration status and overall performance in the LH, whilst change in Usg from pre- to mid-event was positively associated with performance in the OMM (r = .561, p = 0.004). Whilst no associations were observed between hydration status and reaction time, rate of perceived exertion and subjective ratings of nausea showed positive associations with Usg. These findings suggest that although changes in hydration status of this level may not significantly affect performance, they can impact on participant sensations of effort and well-being.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - An Assessment of the Hydration Status of Recreational Endurance Athletes During Mountain Marathon Events
AU  - Elizabeth Mahon
AU  - Allan Hackett
AU  - Timothy Stott
AU  - Keith George
AU  - Ian Davies
Y1  - 2014/07/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12
T2  - American Journal of Sports Science
JF  - American Journal of Sports Science
JO  - American Journal of Sports Science
SP  - 77
EP  - 86
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8540
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20140204.12
AB  - Changes in hydration status have been shown to have deleterious effects on physiological functioning, physical performance, mental decision making, and subjective sensation of effort. This exploratory study assessed the hydration status of athletes taking part in mountain marathon events and the implications on performance, cognition and well-being markers. Twenty-nine male recreational athletes from the Original Mountain Marathon (OMM) and nineteen from the Longmynd Hike (LH) provided urine samples before, at mid-point (in the OMM) and after the events. Body mass; reaction time tests; and subjective ratings of well-being and effort were also collected/performed at these time points. Post-urine specific gravity (Usg) values [(OMM: 1.023 (range: 1.008 – 1.038) g/ml; LH: 1.024 (range: 1.014 – 1.035) g/ml] were significantly higher than pre-values [(OMM: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml; LH: 1.013 (range: 1.002 – 1.026) g/ml] in both events (p  0.05). There was no association between hydration status and overall performance in the LH, whilst change in Usg from pre- to mid-event was positively associated with performance in the OMM (r = .561, p = 0.004). Whilst no associations were observed between hydration status and reaction time, rate of perceived exertion and subjective ratings of nausea showed positive associations with Usg. These findings suggest that although changes in hydration status of this level may not significantly affect performance, they can impact on participant sensations of effort and well-being.
VL  - 2
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download