American Journal of Sports Science

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Quantitative Analysis of Penalty Kicks and Yellow Card Referee Decisions in Soccer

Received: 01 August 2016    Accepted: 15 August 2016    Published: 29 August 2016
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Abstract

Soccer referees are required to make instant decisions during the game under non-optimal conditions such as imperfect view of the incident and substantial pressure from the crowd, the teams, and the media. Some of the decisions can be subjective, such as a yellow card decision after a foul is called, where different referees might make different decisions. Here we perform quantitative analysis of factors related to the reputation of the team such as the team’s rank, budget, and crowd attendance in home games, and correlate these factors with referee decisions such as penalty kicks and yellow cards. The calls were normalized by dividing the number of yellow cards by the number of fouls, and the number of penalty kicks by the number of shot attempts from the penalty box. Application of the analysis to the four major soccer leagues shows that certain referee decisions have significant correlation with factors such as the team’s rank, budget, and audience in home games, while for other decisions the Pearson correlation is not statistically significant. For budget, or audience in home games. On the other hand, a significant Pearson correlation has been identified between the chance of a foul call to result in a yellow card and the rank or budget of the team in the Bundesliga. The strongest correlation has been observed between the chance of a tackle to result in a foul call, and the budget and rank of the team.

DOI 10.11648/j.ajss.20160405.12
Published in American Journal of Sports Science (Volume 4, Issue 5, September 2016)
Page(s) 84-89
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Soccer, Football, Referee, Referee Decisions, Referee Bias

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Author Information
  • Department of Comp. Sci., Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, MI, USA

  • Department of Comp. Sci., Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, MI, USA

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  • APA Style

    Jimmy Tanamati Soares, Lior Shamir. (2016). Quantitative Analysis of Penalty Kicks and Yellow Card Referee Decisions in Soccer. American Journal of Sports Science, 4(5), 84-89. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20160405.12

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    Jimmy Tanamati Soares; Lior Shamir. Quantitative Analysis of Penalty Kicks and Yellow Card Referee Decisions in Soccer. Am. J. Sports Sci. 2016, 4(5), 84-89. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20160405.12

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    AMA Style

    Jimmy Tanamati Soares, Lior Shamir. Quantitative Analysis of Penalty Kicks and Yellow Card Referee Decisions in Soccer. Am J Sports Sci. 2016;4(5):84-89. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20160405.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajss.20160405.12,
      author = {Jimmy Tanamati Soares and Lior Shamir},
      title = {Quantitative Analysis of Penalty Kicks and Yellow Card Referee Decisions in Soccer},
      journal = {American Journal of Sports Science},
      volume = {4},
      number = {5},
      pages = {84-89},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajss.20160405.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20160405.12},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajss.20160405.12},
      abstract = {Soccer referees are required to make instant decisions during the game under non-optimal conditions such as imperfect view of the incident and substantial pressure from the crowd, the teams, and the media. Some of the decisions can be subjective, such as a yellow card decision after a foul is called, where different referees might make different decisions. Here we perform quantitative analysis of factors related to the reputation of the team such as the team’s rank, budget, and crowd attendance in home games, and correlate these factors with referee decisions such as penalty kicks and yellow cards. The calls were normalized by dividing the number of yellow cards by the number of fouls, and the number of penalty kicks by the number of shot attempts from the penalty box. Application of the analysis to the four major soccer leagues shows that certain referee decisions have significant correlation with factors such as the team’s rank, budget, and audience in home games, while for other decisions the Pearson correlation is not statistically significant. For budget, or audience in home games. On the other hand, a significant Pearson correlation has been identified between the chance of a foul call to result in a yellow card and the rank or budget of the team in the Bundesliga. The strongest correlation has been observed between the chance of a tackle to result in a foul call, and the budget and rank of the team.},
     year = {2016}
    }
    

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    T1  - Quantitative Analysis of Penalty Kicks and Yellow Card Referee Decisions in Soccer
    AU  - Jimmy Tanamati Soares
    AU  - Lior Shamir
    Y1  - 2016/08/29
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajss.20160405.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajss.20160405.12
    T2  - American Journal of Sports Science
    JF  - American Journal of Sports Science
    JO  - American Journal of Sports Science
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    SN  - 2330-8540
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    AB  - Soccer referees are required to make instant decisions during the game under non-optimal conditions such as imperfect view of the incident and substantial pressure from the crowd, the teams, and the media. Some of the decisions can be subjective, such as a yellow card decision after a foul is called, where different referees might make different decisions. Here we perform quantitative analysis of factors related to the reputation of the team such as the team’s rank, budget, and crowd attendance in home games, and correlate these factors with referee decisions such as penalty kicks and yellow cards. The calls were normalized by dividing the number of yellow cards by the number of fouls, and the number of penalty kicks by the number of shot attempts from the penalty box. Application of the analysis to the four major soccer leagues shows that certain referee decisions have significant correlation with factors such as the team’s rank, budget, and audience in home games, while for other decisions the Pearson correlation is not statistically significant. For budget, or audience in home games. On the other hand, a significant Pearson correlation has been identified between the chance of a foul call to result in a yellow card and the rank or budget of the team in the Bundesliga. The strongest correlation has been observed between the chance of a tackle to result in a foul call, and the budget and rank of the team.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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