Science Journal of Clinical Medicine

| Peer-Reviewed |

Urban-Rural Differentials in Using Antimicrobials at Home among Under-5 Children with Diarrhea

Received: 05 May 2013    Accepted:     Published: 10 June 2013
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

Due to self-limiting course of disease, use of antimicrobials in childhood diarrhea should be limited; however, irrational use is widely reported and is considered as a potential challenge for controlling its rational use. Thus, the present study aimed to describe urban-rural differentials with regard to socio-demographic characteristics, clinical features, and etiologic distribution in antimicrobial use and identify predictors of its use at home before coming to the hospital. From the database (January, 2010 to December, 2012) of Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) of urban Dhaka Hospital and rural Matlab Hospital of icddr,b, we extracted relevant information of 4,245 under-5 children from Dhaka Hospital and 2,161 children from Matlab Hospital. In multivariate analysis, children from urban area were 1.53 times, children aged under 2 years were 1.31 times, better socio-economic status (monthly income >100 US$) were 1.34 times, distance to health facility >5 miles from home 1.63 times, use of oral rehydration solution at home 2.95 times, duration of diarrhea >24 hours 4.25 times, frequency of stool >10 times/24 hrs. 1.47 times, abdominal pain 1.30 times and rotavirus infection were 1.54 times more likely to use antimicrobials at home before coming to the hospital (all p<0.05). On the other hand, maternal illiteracy (OR-0.74), cough (0.83) and Vibrio cholerae infection (0.70) were less likely to influence antimicrobials use at home in study children (all p<0.05). Socio-economic characteristics, clinical features, and etiologic agents of under-5 children determine use of antimicrobials at home before presenting to health facility.

DOI 10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.14
Published in Science Journal of Clinical Medicine (Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2013)
Page(s) 81-86
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Antimicrobials, Diarrhea, Rural, Under-5 Children, Urban

References
[1] Antimicrobial use. Drug resistance. Geneva. WHO. http://www.who.int/drugresistance/use/en/ 2013.
[2] Holloway, K. and L. van Dijk, Rational use of medicines, in the world medicines situation 2011. 2011, WHO: Geneva.
[3] Rational use of medicines. Medicines. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs338/en/.Geneva. WHO. 2010.
[4] The pursuit of responsible use of medicines: sharing and learning from country experiences, medicine, http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/responsible_use/en/ Geneva, WHO. 2012.
[5] Options for action, The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance. 2012, WHO: Geneva.
[6] Has an R, et al., Pattern of antibiotics use at the Primary Health Care level of Bangladesh: Survey report-1. Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2009. Vol.2(1) p. 1-7. DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v2i1.5809
[7] Das, S.K., et al., Etiology of diarrhea among severely malnourished infants and young children: observation of urban-rural differences over one decade in Bangladesh. Food and Nutrtion Sciences., 2013. Vol. 4: p. 233-239. DOI:10.4236/fns.2013.43031
[8] Rahman, M., et al., Genetic characterization of a novel, naturally occurring recombinant human G6P[6] rotavirus. J Clin Microbiol, 2003. 41(5): p. 2088-95.
[9] WHO. Manual for laboratory investigations of acute enteric infections. Geneva: Programme for control of diarrhoeal disease: World Health Organization;. 1987.
[10] Qadri, F., et al., Production, characterization, and application of monoclonal antibodies to Vibrio cholerae O139 synonym Bengal. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 1994. 1(1): p. 51-4.
[11] Kumar, R., et al., Antibiotic prescribing practices in primary and secondary health care facilities in Uttar Pradesh, India. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2008. 33(6): p. 625-34. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00960.x
[12] Sharma, M., et al., Antibiotic prescribing in two private sector hospitals; one teaching and one non-teaching: a cross-sectional study in Ujjain, India. BMC Infect Dis. 12: p. DOI:155.10.1186/1471-2334-12-155
[13] Ansari, S., et al., Characterization of rotavirus causing acute diarrhoea in children in Kathmandu, Nepal, showing the dominance of serotype G12. J Med Microbiol, 2012. 62(Pt 1): p. 114-20. DOI:10.1099/jmm.0.048124-0
[14] National Report of Bangladesh, Development of Education,Ministry of Education, http://www.ibe.unesco.org/International/ICE47/English/Natreps/reports/bangladesh.pdf. 2004.
[15] Das, S.K., et al., Health Care-Seeking Behavior for Childhood Diarrhea in Mirzapur, Rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2013 DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0107
[16] Ferdous, F., et al., The impact of socio-economic conditions and clinical characteristics on improving childhood care seeking behaviors for families living far from the health facility Science Journal of Public Health, 2013. 1(2): p. 69-76. DOI:10.11648/j.sjph.20130102.14
[17] Bhuiya, A., et al., Factors affecting acceptance of immunization among children in rural Bangladesh. Health Policy Plan, 1995. 10(3): p. 304-12.
[18] Rahman, M. and S. Obaida-Nasrin, Factors affecting acceptance of complete immunization coverage of children under five years in rural Bangladesh. Salud Publica Mex, 2010. 52(2): p. 134-40. DOI: S0036-36342010000200005
[19] Ellis, A.A., et al., Home management of childhood diarrhoea in southern Mali--implications for the introduction of zinc treatment. Soc Sci Med, 2007. 64(3): p. 701-12. DOI: S0277-9536(06)00521-1
[20] Larson, C.P., et al., Scaling up zinc treatment of childhood diarrhoea in Bangladesh: theoretical and practical considerations guiding the SUZY Project. Health Policy Plan, 2012. 27: p. 102-14. DOI:10.1093/heapol/czr015
[21] Larson, C.P., et al., Impact monitoring of the national scale up of zinc treatment for childhood diarrhea in Bangladesh: repeat ecologic surveys. PLoS Med, 2009. 6(11): p. e1000175. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000175
[22] Yoder, P.S. and R.C. Hornik, Symptoms and perceived severity of illness as predictive of treatment for diarrhea in six Asian and African sites. Soc Sci Med, 1996. 43(4): p. 429-39. DOI: 0277953695004084
[23] Seddon, M.E., et al., The Adverse Drug Event Collaborative: a joint venture to measure medication-related patient harm. N Z Med J, 2010. 126(1368): p. 9-20
[24] Star, K., et al., Suspected adverse drug reactions reported for children worldwide: an exploratory study using VigiBase. Drug Saf, 2011. 34(5): p. 415-28.5. DOI:10.2165/11587540-000000000-00000
[25] Kulauzov, M., et al., Sensitivity of bacteria to antimicrobial drugs and interpretation of results. Med Pregl, 2010. 63 Suppl 1: p. 17-21
[26] Leidel, J., et al., Infectious gastroenteritis in childhood. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1982. 130(5): p. 287-91
[27] Bhardwaj, A., et al., Does Rota virus infection cause persistent diarrhoea in childhood? Trop Gastroenterol, 1996. 17(1): p. 18-21.
[28] Kanungo, S., et al., Clinical, epidemiological, and spatial characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus diarrhea and cholera in the urban slums of Kolkata, India. BMC Public Health, 2012. 12: p. 830. DOI:1471-2458-12-830
[29] Pastore, G., Treatment of cholera in the adult. Studies during recent epidemics in Apulia. Ann Sclavo, 1975. 17(3): p. 399-418.
Author Information
  • International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

  • International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

  • International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

  • International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

  • International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

  • International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

  • International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Shahnawaz Ahmed, Fahmida Dil Farzana, Farzana Ferdous, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Mohammad Abdul Malek, et al. (2013). Urban-Rural Differentials in Using Antimicrobials at Home among Under-5 Children with Diarrhea. Science Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2(3), 81-86. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.14

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Shahnawaz Ahmed; Fahmida Dil Farzana; Farzana Ferdous; Mohammod Jobayer Chisti; Mohammad Abdul Malek, et al. Urban-Rural Differentials in Using Antimicrobials at Home among Under-5 Children with Diarrhea. Sci. J. Clin. Med. 2013, 2(3), 81-86. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.14

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Shahnawaz Ahmed, Fahmida Dil Farzana, Farzana Ferdous, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Mohammad Abdul Malek, et al. Urban-Rural Differentials in Using Antimicrobials at Home among Under-5 Children with Diarrhea. Sci J Clin Med. 2013;2(3):81-86. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.14

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.14,
      author = {Shahnawaz Ahmed and Fahmida Dil Farzana and Farzana Ferdous and Mohammod Jobayer Chisti and Mohammad Abdul Malek and Abu Syed Golam Faruque and Sumon Kumar Das},
      title = {Urban-Rural Differentials in Using Antimicrobials at Home among Under-5 Children with Diarrhea},
      journal = {Science Journal of Clinical Medicine},
      volume = {2},
      number = {3},
      pages = {81-86},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.14},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjcm.20130203.14},
      abstract = {Due to self-limiting course of disease, use of antimicrobials in childhood diarrhea should be limited; however, irrational use is widely reported and is considered as a potential challenge for controlling its rational use. Thus, the present study aimed to describe urban-rural differentials with regard to socio-demographic characteristics, clinical features, and etiologic distribution in antimicrobial use and identify predictors of its use at home before coming to the hospital. From the database (January, 2010 to December, 2012) of Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) of urban Dhaka Hospital and rural Matlab Hospital of icddr,b, we extracted relevant information of 4,245 under-5 children from Dhaka Hospital and 2,161 children from Matlab Hospital. In multivariate analysis, children from urban area were 1.53 times, children aged under 2 years were 1.31 times, better socio-economic status (monthly income >100 US$) were 1.34 times, distance to health facility >5 miles from home 1.63 times, use of oral rehydration solution at home 2.95 times, duration of diarrhea >24 hours 4.25 times, frequency of stool >10 times/24 hrs. 1.47 times, abdominal pain 1.30 times and rotavirus infection were 1.54 times more likely to use antimicrobials at home before coming to the hospital (all p<0.05). On the other hand, maternal illiteracy (OR-0.74), cough (0.83) and Vibrio cholerae infection (0.70) were less likely to influence antimicrobials use at home in study children (all p<0.05). Socio-economic characteristics, clinical features, and etiologic agents of under-5 children determine use of antimicrobials at home before presenting to health facility.},
     year = {2013}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Urban-Rural Differentials in Using Antimicrobials at Home among Under-5 Children with Diarrhea
    AU  - Shahnawaz Ahmed
    AU  - Fahmida Dil Farzana
    AU  - Farzana Ferdous
    AU  - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
    AU  - Mohammad Abdul Malek
    AU  - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
    AU  - Sumon Kumar Das
    Y1  - 2013/06/10
    PY  - 2013
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.14
    T2  - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
    JF  - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
    JO  - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
    SP  - 81
    EP  - 86
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2327-2732
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.14
    AB  - Due to self-limiting course of disease, use of antimicrobials in childhood diarrhea should be limited; however, irrational use is widely reported and is considered as a potential challenge for controlling its rational use. Thus, the present study aimed to describe urban-rural differentials with regard to socio-demographic characteristics, clinical features, and etiologic distribution in antimicrobial use and identify predictors of its use at home before coming to the hospital. From the database (January, 2010 to December, 2012) of Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) of urban Dhaka Hospital and rural Matlab Hospital of icddr,b, we extracted relevant information of 4,245 under-5 children from Dhaka Hospital and 2,161 children from Matlab Hospital. In multivariate analysis, children from urban area were 1.53 times, children aged under 2 years were 1.31 times, better socio-economic status (monthly income >100 US$) were 1.34 times, distance to health facility >5 miles from home 1.63 times, use of oral rehydration solution at home 2.95 times, duration of diarrhea >24 hours 4.25 times, frequency of stool >10 times/24 hrs. 1.47 times, abdominal pain 1.30 times and rotavirus infection were 1.54 times more likely to use antimicrobials at home before coming to the hospital (all p<0.05). On the other hand, maternal illiteracy (OR-0.74), cough (0.83) and Vibrio cholerae infection (0.70) were less likely to influence antimicrobials use at home in study children (all p<0.05). Socio-economic characteristics, clinical features, and etiologic agents of under-5 children determine use of antimicrobials at home before presenting to health facility.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections