Urine Creatinine in a General Out-Patient Population: Implications

Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11

| Peer-Reviewed |

Urine Creatinine in a General Out-Patient Population: Implications

Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu

Received: 22 September 2016 Accepted: 1 October 2016 Published: 25 October 2016

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Some diseases, environmental pollutants and physiologic states may influence urine creatinine. Urine creatinine is not routinely evaluated in the general out-patient population. The objective of this study was to evaluate urine creatinine and factors that may influence it in subjects attending the general out-patient clinic in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving subjects consecutively recruited from a general out-patient clinic in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. Creatinine in spot and 24-hour urine samples and other relevant investigations were performed. Dilute urine or low urine creatinine was defined as 24-hour urine creatinine (24HUCr) <300mg, normal urine creatinine as 24HUCr 300 - 300mg, and concentrated urine or high urine creatinine as 24HUCr >3000mg.The association of variables with urine creatinine and the strength of variables to predict dilute and concentrated urine were determined. The mean spot urine creatinine (SUCr) of the subjects was 148±167mg/dl, minimum value 14.7mg/dl, maximum value 746.7mg/dl and range of values 732.0mg/dl. The mean 24HUCr was 1203±316mg, minimum value 651.0mg, maximum value 2320mg, and range of values 1669.0mg. All the subjects have 2HUCr in the normal range. Spot urine creatinine has significant correlation with body mass index, spot urine protein (SUP), spot urine osmolality, 24-hour urine protein (24HUP), 24HUCr, serum creatinine, serum cholesterol and serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol. In contrast, 24HUCr has significant correlation with 24-hour urine volume, serum creatinine and serum cholesterol. Spot urine protein and 24HUP predicted SUCr, while only serum creatinine predicted 24HUCr. Low and high urine creatinine were absent in subjects attending the general out-patient clinic. Proteinuric renal abnormalities were common in these subjects with normal urine creatinine. There is need for clinicians to routinely conduct urine creatinine and further search for renal damage, dyslipidemia and abnormal weight changes in the general out patients with normal urine creatinine.

DOI	10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11
Published in	Science Journal of Clinical Medicine (Volume 5, Issue 6, November 2016)
Page(s)	46-50
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Urine Creatinine, Serum Creatinine, Proteinuria, General Out-Patient Clinic, Associated Factors, Nigeria

References

[1]	Wyss M, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism. Physiological Reviews. 2000 Vol. 80 no. 3, 1107-1213.
[2]	Barr DB, Wang RY, Needham LL. Biologic Monitoring of Exposure to Environmental Chemicals throughout the Life Stages: Requirements and Issues for Consideration for the National Children’s Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Aug; 113 (8): 1083–1091.
[3]	BMJ Best Practice. Assessment of elevated creatinine. Dec 03, 2015.
[4]	Andreev E, Koopman M, Arisz L. A rise in plasma creatinine that is not a sign of renal failure: which drugs can be responsible? Journal of Internal Medicine. 1999; 246: 247–252. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00515.
[5]	Waikar SS, Sabbisetti VS, and Joseph V. Bonventre JV. Normalization of urinary biomarkers to creatinine during changes in glomerular filtration rate. Kidney Int. 2010 Sep; 78(5): 486–494. doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.165
[6]	Tynkevich E, Flamant M, Haymann J-P, Metzger M, Thervet E, et al. Decrease in Urinary Creatinine Excretion in Early Stage Chronic Kidney Disease. PLoS ONE 2014; 9(11): e111949. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111949.
[7]	Yeh HC, Lin YS, Kuo CC, Weidemann D, Weaver V, et al. Urine osmolality in the US population: implications for environmental biomonitoring. Environ Res. 2015 Jan; 136:482-90. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.009. Epub 2014 Nov 25.
[8]	John AK, Cogswell ME, Campbell NR, Nowson CA, Legetic B. Accuracy and Usefulness of Select Methods for Assessing Complete Collection of 24-Hour Urine: A Systematic Review. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2016; 18:456–467. 10.1111/jch.12763.
[9]	Anyabolu, E.N. BMI and Risk Factors of Underweight and Obesity in HIV Subjects in Eastern Nigeria. World Journal of AIDS. 2016; 6, 8-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wja.2016.61002
[10]	Barr DB, Wilder LC, Caudill SP, Gonzalez AJ, Needham LL, et al. Urinary Creatinine Concentrations in the U.S. Population: Implications for Urinary Biologic Monitoring Measurements. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113: 192–200 doi: 10.1289/ehp.7337.
[11]	Bader M, Messerer P, Will W. Urinary creatinine concentrations in an industrial workforce and comparison with reference values of the general population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2013 Aug; 86(6): 673-80. doi: 10.1007/s00420-012-0802-4.
[12]	Sinkeler SJ, Visser FW, Krikken JA, Stegeman CA, Homan van der Heide JJ, Navis G. Higher body mass index is associated with higher fractional creatinine excretion in healthy subjects. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. (2011) doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq850
[13]	Neubert A, Remer T. The impact of dietary protein intake on urinary creatinine excretion in a healthy pediatric population. J Pediatr. 1998 Nov; 133(5):655-9.
[14]	Anyabolu EN, Chukwuonye II, Mabayoje M, Ejike A, Ijoma CK, et al. (2015). Comparison of Spot Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio, Spot Urine Protein/Osmolality Ratio with Measured 24-Hour Urine Protein in HIV Subjects in Nigeria. J AIDS Clin Res 6: 445. doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000445.
[15]	Yang Y, Yian-sheng XIE, Guang-ming LU, Zuo-xiang L, Hua-bin S, et al. (2011) Establishment of equations for predicting 24-hour urine protein excretion and testing of their performance. Academic Journal Second Military Medical University 31: 1113-1117.
[16]	Stiegel MA, Pleil JD, Sobus JR, Angrish MM, Morgan MK. Kidney injury biomarkers and urinary creatinine variability in nominally healthy adults. Biomarkers. 2015; 20(6-7): 436-52. doi: 10.3109/1354750X.2015.1094136.
[17]	Winnett G, Cranfield L, Almond M. Apparent renal disease due to elevated creatinine levels associated with the use of boldenone. Nephrol Dial Transplant (2010) 1-3 doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq663.
[18]	Pandya V, Rao A, Chaudhary K. Lipid abnormalities in kidney disease and management strategies. World J Nephrol. 2015 Feb 6; 4 (1): 83–91.
[19]	Tsimihodimos V, Mitrogianni Z, Elisaf M. Dyslipidemia Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2011; 5: 41–48. doi: 10.2174/1874192401105010041
[20]	Schoen T, Blum J, Paccaud F, Burnier M, Bochud M, Conen D. Factors associated with 24-hour urinary volume: the Swiss salt survey. BMC Nephrology201314:246. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-246

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu. (2016). Urine Creatinine in a General Out-Patient Population: Implications. Science Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5(6), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu. Urine Creatinine in a General Out-Patient Population: Implications. Sci. J. Clin. Med. 2016, 5(6), 46-50. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu. Urine Creatinine in a General Out-Patient Population: Implications. Sci J Clin Med. 2016;5(6):46-50. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11,
  author = {Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu},
  title = {Urine Creatinine in a General Out-Patient Population: Implications},
  journal = {Science Journal of Clinical Medicine},
  volume = {5},
  number = {6},
  pages = {46-50},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjcm.20160506.11},
  abstract = {Some diseases, environmental pollutants and physiologic states may influence urine creatinine. Urine creatinine is not routinely evaluated in the general out-patient population. The objective of this study was to evaluate urine creatinine and factors that may influence it in subjects attending the general out-patient clinic in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving subjects consecutively recruited from a general out-patient clinic in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. Creatinine in spot and 24-hour urine samples and other relevant investigations were performed. Dilute urine or low urine creatinine was defined as 24-hour urine creatinine (24HUCr) <300mg, normal urine creatinine as 24HUCr 300 - 300mg, and concentrated urine or high urine creatinine as 24HUCr >3000mg.The association of variables with urine creatinine and the strength of variables to predict dilute and concentrated urine were determined. The mean spot urine creatinine (SUCr) of the subjects was 148±167mg/dl, minimum value 14.7mg/dl, maximum value 746.7mg/dl and range of values 732.0mg/dl. The mean 24HUCr was 1203±316mg, minimum value 651.0mg, maximum value 2320mg, and range of values 1669.0mg. All the subjects have 2HUCr in the normal range. Spot urine creatinine has significant correlation with body mass index, spot urine protein (SUP), spot urine osmolality, 24-hour urine protein (24HUP), 24HUCr, serum creatinine, serum cholesterol and serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol. In contrast, 24HUCr has significant correlation with 24-hour urine volume, serum creatinine and serum cholesterol. Spot urine protein and 24HUP predicted SUCr, while only serum creatinine predicted 24HUCr. Low and high urine creatinine were absent in subjects attending the general out-patient clinic. Proteinuric renal abnormalities were common in these subjects with normal urine creatinine. There is need for clinicians to routinely conduct urine creatinine and further search for renal damage, dyslipidemia and abnormal weight changes in the general out patients with normal urine creatinine.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Urine Creatinine in a General Out-Patient Population: Implications
AU - Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu
Y1 - 2016/10/25
PY - 2016
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11
DO - 10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11
T2 - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
JF - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
JO - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
SP - 46
EP - 50
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2327-2732
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11
AB - Some diseases, environmental pollutants and physiologic states may influence urine creatinine. Urine creatinine is not routinely evaluated in the general out-patient population. The objective of this study was to evaluate urine creatinine and factors that may influence it in subjects attending the general out-patient clinic in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving subjects consecutively recruited from a general out-patient clinic in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. Creatinine in spot and 24-hour urine samples and other relevant investigations were performed. Dilute urine or low urine creatinine was defined as 24-hour urine creatinine (24HUCr) <300mg, normal urine creatinine as 24HUCr 300 - 300mg, and concentrated urine or high urine creatinine as 24HUCr >3000mg.The association of variables with urine creatinine and the strength of variables to predict dilute and concentrated urine were determined. The mean spot urine creatinine (SUCr) of the subjects was 148±167mg/dl, minimum value 14.7mg/dl, maximum value 746.7mg/dl and range of values 732.0mg/dl. The mean 24HUCr was 1203±316mg, minimum value 651.0mg, maximum value 2320mg, and range of values 1669.0mg. All the subjects have 2HUCr in the normal range. Spot urine creatinine has significant correlation with body mass index, spot urine protein (SUP), spot urine osmolality, 24-hour urine protein (24HUP), 24HUCr, serum creatinine, serum cholesterol and serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol. In contrast, 24HUCr has significant correlation with 24-hour urine volume, serum creatinine and serum cholesterol. Spot urine protein and 24HUP predicted SUCr, while only serum creatinine predicted 24HUCr. Low and high urine creatinine were absent in subjects attending the general out-patient clinic. Proteinuric renal abnormalities were common in these subjects with normal urine creatinine. There is need for clinicians to routinely conduct urine creatinine and further search for renal damage, dyslipidemia and abnormal weight changes in the general out patients with normal urine creatinine.
VL - 5
IS - 6
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu

Department of Medicine, Imo State University Teaching Hospital, Orlu, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Ubiversity Teaching Hospital, Awka, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu. (2016). Urine Creatinine in a General Out-Patient Population: Implications. Science Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5(6), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu. Urine Creatinine in a General Out-Patient Population: Implications. Sci. J. Clin. Med. 2016, 5(6), 46-50. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu. Urine Creatinine in a General Out-Patient Population: Implications. Sci J Clin Med. 2016;5(6):46-50. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11,
  author = {Ernest Ndukaife Anyabolu},
  title = {Urine Creatinine in a General Out-Patient Population: Implications},
  journal = {Science Journal of Clinical Medicine},
  volume = {5},
  number = {6},
  pages = {46-50},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20160506.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjcm.20160506.11},
  abstract = {Some diseases, environmental pollutants and physiologic states may influence urine creatinine. Urine creatinine is not routinely evaluated in the general out-patient population. The objective of this study was to evaluate urine creatinine and factors that may influence it in subjects attending the general out-patient clinic in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving subjects consecutively recruited from a general out-patient clinic in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. Creatinine in spot and 24-hour urine samples and other relevant investigations were performed. Dilute urine or low urine creatinine was defined as 24-hour urine creatinine (24HUCr) <300mg, normal urine creatinine as 24HUCr 300 - 300mg, and concentrated urine or high urine creatinine as 24HUCr >3000mg.The association of variables with urine creatinine and the strength of variables to predict dilute and concentrated urine were determined. The mean spot urine creatinine (SUCr) of the subjects was 148±167mg/dl, minimum value 14.7mg/dl, maximum value 746.7mg/dl and range of values 732.0mg/dl. The mean 24HUCr was 1203±316mg, minimum value 651.0mg, maximum value 2320mg, and range of values 1669.0mg. All the subjects have 2HUCr in the normal range. Spot urine creatinine has significant correlation with body mass index, spot urine protein (SUP), spot urine osmolality, 24-hour urine protein (24HUP), 24HUCr, serum creatinine, serum cholesterol and serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol. In contrast, 24HUCr has significant correlation with 24-hour urine volume, serum creatinine and serum cholesterol. Spot urine protein and 24HUP predicted SUCr, while only serum creatinine predicted 24HUCr. Low and high urine creatinine were absent in subjects attending the general out-patient clinic. Proteinuric renal abnormalities were common in these subjects with normal urine creatinine. There is need for clinicians to routinely conduct urine creatinine and further search for renal damage, dyslipidemia and abnormal weight changes in the general out patients with normal urine creatinine.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download