Recombinant Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Where Are We Now?

Giuseppina T. Russo; Provvidenza Villari; Elisabetta L Romeo; Annalisa Giandalia; Domenico Cucinotta

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12

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Recombinant Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Where Are We Now?

Giuseppina T. Russo, Provvidenza Villari, Elisabetta L Romeo, Annalisa Giandalia, Domenico Cucinotta

Published in Science Journal of Clinical Medicine (Volume 1, Issue 1)

Received: 30 December 2012 Accepted: Published: 30 December 2012

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Abstract

Several insulin formulations are currently available for clinical use, including human regular and protaminated insulins, rapid- and long- acting analogs and premixed combinations, which can be used in different regimens. However, there is no consensus on which are the insulin formulation and the insulin regimen of choice, especially in type 2 diabetes. Overall, insulin analogs are preferred for their better pharmacological properties with a minor hypoglycaemic risk, whereas their superiority in reducing HbA1c levels is still debated. Despite the impressive steps undertaken so far, insulin therapy is still too complex and burdensome, and even with an intensified regimen, only a modest percentage of subjects reaches HbA1c goals. New insulin formulations and devices are currently awaited to better fulfill the still unmet needs of insulin therapy.

Published in	Science Journal of Clinical Medicine (Volume 1, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12
Page(s)	4-9
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Insulin Analogs, Type 2 Diabetes, Hypoglycaemia, Hba1c

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Cite This Article

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APA Style

Giuseppina T. Russo, Provvidenza Villari, Elisabetta L Romeo, Annalisa Giandalia, Domenico Cucinotta. (2012). Recombinant Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Where Are We Now?. Science Journal of Clinical Medicine, 1(1), 4-9. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12

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ACS Style

Giuseppina T. Russo; Provvidenza Villari; Elisabetta L Romeo; Annalisa Giandalia; Domenico Cucinotta. Recombinant Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Where Are We Now?. Sci. J. Clin. Med. 2012, 1(1), 4-9. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12

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AMA Style

Giuseppina T. Russo, Provvidenza Villari, Elisabetta L Romeo, Annalisa Giandalia, Domenico Cucinotta. Recombinant Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Where Are We Now?. Sci J Clin Med. 2012;1(1):4-9. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12

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@article{10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12,
  author = {Giuseppina T. Russo and Provvidenza Villari and Elisabetta L Romeo and Annalisa Giandalia and Domenico Cucinotta},
  title = {Recombinant Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Where Are We Now?},
  journal = {Science Journal of Clinical Medicine},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {4-9},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjcm.20120101.12},
  abstract = {Several insulin formulations are currently available for clinical use, including human regular and protaminated insulins, rapid- and long- acting analogs and premixed combinations, which can be used in different regimens. However, there is no consensus on which are the insulin formulation and the insulin regimen of choice, especially in type 2 diabetes. Overall, insulin analogs are preferred for their better pharmacological properties with a minor hypoglycaemic risk, whereas their superiority in reducing HbA1c levels is still debated. Despite the impressive steps undertaken so far, insulin therapy is still too complex and burdensome, and even with an intensified regimen, only a modest percentage of subjects reaches HbA1c goals. New insulin formulations and devices are currently awaited to better fulfill the still unmet needs of insulin therapy.},
 year = {2012}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Recombinant Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Where Are We Now?
AU  - Giuseppina T. Russo
AU  - Provvidenza Villari
AU  - Elisabetta L Romeo
AU  - Annalisa Giandalia
AU  - Domenico Cucinotta
Y1  - 2012/12/30
PY  - 2012
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12
T2  - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
JF  - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
JO  - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
SP  - 4
EP  - 9
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2732
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12
AB  - Several insulin formulations are currently available for clinical use, including human regular and protaminated insulins, rapid- and long- acting analogs and premixed combinations, which can be used in different regimens. However, there is no consensus on which are the insulin formulation and the insulin regimen of choice, especially in type 2 diabetes. Overall, insulin analogs are preferred for their better pharmacological properties with a minor hypoglycaemic risk, whereas their superiority in reducing HbA1c levels is still debated. Despite the impressive steps undertaken so far, insulin therapy is still too complex and burdensome, and even with an intensified regimen, only a modest percentage of subjects reaches HbA1c goals. New insulin formulations and devices are currently awaited to better fulfill the still unmet needs of insulin therapy.
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Giuseppina T. Russo

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
Provvidenza Villari

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
Elisabetta L Romeo

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
Annalisa Giandalia

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy
Domenico Cucinotta

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Italy

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Giuseppina T. Russo, Provvidenza Villari, Elisabetta L Romeo, Annalisa Giandalia, Domenico Cucinotta. (2012). Recombinant Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Where Are We Now?. Science Journal of Clinical Medicine, 1(1), 4-9. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12

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ACS Style

Giuseppina T. Russo; Provvidenza Villari; Elisabetta L Romeo; Annalisa Giandalia; Domenico Cucinotta. Recombinant Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Where Are We Now?. Sci. J. Clin. Med. 2012, 1(1), 4-9. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12

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AMA Style

Giuseppina T. Russo, Provvidenza Villari, Elisabetta L Romeo, Annalisa Giandalia, Domenico Cucinotta. Recombinant Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Where Are We Now?. Sci J Clin Med. 2012;1(1):4-9. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12,
  author = {Giuseppina T. Russo and Provvidenza Villari and Elisabetta L Romeo and Annalisa Giandalia and Domenico Cucinotta},
  title = {Recombinant Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Where Are We Now?},
  journal = {Science Journal of Clinical Medicine},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {4-9},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjcm.20120101.12},
  abstract = {Several insulin formulations are currently available for clinical use, including human regular and protaminated insulins, rapid- and long- acting analogs and premixed combinations, which can be used in different regimens. However, there is no consensus on which are the insulin formulation and the insulin regimen of choice, especially in type 2 diabetes. Overall, insulin analogs are preferred for their better pharmacological properties with a minor hypoglycaemic risk, whereas their superiority in reducing HbA1c levels is still debated. Despite the impressive steps undertaken so far, insulin therapy is still too complex and burdensome, and even with an intensified regimen, only a modest percentage of subjects reaches HbA1c goals. New insulin formulations and devices are currently awaited to better fulfill the still unmet needs of insulin therapy.},
 year = {2012}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Recombinant Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Where Are We Now?
AU  - Giuseppina T. Russo
AU  - Provvidenza Villari
AU  - Elisabetta L Romeo
AU  - Annalisa Giandalia
AU  - Domenico Cucinotta
Y1  - 2012/12/30
PY  - 2012
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12
T2  - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
JF  - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
JO  - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine
SP  - 4
EP  - 9
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2732
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20120101.12
AB  - Several insulin formulations are currently available for clinical use, including human regular and protaminated insulins, rapid- and long- acting analogs and premixed combinations, which can be used in different regimens. However, there is no consensus on which are the insulin formulation and the insulin regimen of choice, especially in type 2 diabetes. Overall, insulin analogs are preferred for their better pharmacological properties with a minor hypoglycaemic risk, whereas their superiority in reducing HbA1c levels is still debated. Despite the impressive steps undertaken so far, insulin therapy is still too complex and burdensome, and even with an intensified regimen, only a modest percentage of subjects reaches HbA1c goals. New insulin formulations and devices are currently awaited to better fulfill the still unmet needs of insulin therapy.
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download