Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience

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A Survey of the Usage and Users of Codeine Containing Cough Syrups in Maiduguri Nigeria

Received: 09 January 2017    Accepted: 12 January 2017    Published: 14 February 2017
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Abstract

The Directorate of Narcotic and Controlled substances of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and control (NAFDAC) disclosed that a large number of Nigerians are abusing the prescription of codeine. The following work studied this illicit drug utilization in Maiduguri metropolitan Area of Borno State of Nigeria, with the aim of understanding the socio-political factors surrounding the menace in the Society. A questionnaire based survey was conducted within the study area. Volunteers numbering 210 were recruited from consented premises of pharmacies and drug shops within the Local Government Area. The questionnaire basically addressed demography of users of Codeine Containing Cough Syrups (CCCS) and socio-political factors surrounding the usage. Data obtained were analyzed using simple descriptive and inferential statics. Of the 210 users of CCCS 95.2% were males and mainly (71.0%) in their twenties. Majority of the respondents are either students (39.0%) or self employed (23.3%). The predominant educational qualifications are secondary school certificate (51.9%) and diploma certificate (11.9%). Most (92.4%) of the respondents perceived that they administer CCCS for medical purposes mainly to increase wellness. Associated feelings include; ‘feeling high’ (37.1%), ‘sleepiness and forgetting worries’ (6.7%) and calmness in the form of ‘decrease fighting urge’ (4.3%) and ‘decrease hyperactivity’ (2.9%). About 64.3% of the respondents admitted that they cannot go through a day without taking CCCS. The most popular feelings whenever CCCS is not taken includes: ‘sickness’ (17.6%), ‘not happy’ (14.8%), ‘sleepy or weakness’ (15.9%). Students and youths withing the age bracket of 20 to 30 years constituteed a sizable majority of CCCS users. The law surrounding the use of CCCS seems to have little impact on the usage seemingly due to poor enforcement, assuch agencies responsible for enforcing these laws sould be envigorated. A well-established surveillance system and target intervention programs are needed given the potential long-term negative outcomes of use of CCCS and other addictive PoM.

DOI 10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.18
Published in Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience (Volume 2, Issue 2-1, March 2017)

This article belongs to the Special Issue Substance Abuse: Perspectives, Trends, Issues and the Way Forward

Page(s) 42-46
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Codeine, Cough Syrups, Maiduguri, Drug Abuse, NAFDAC

References
[1] S. Hadjikoutis, C. M. Wiles, R. Eccles. Cough in motor neuron disease: a review of mechanisms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/92.9.487487-494.1 September 1999. Accessed in December 2016
[2] W. R. Martin. Pharmacology of opioids. Pharmacol. Rev., 35: 283-323. 1983.
[3] N. I. Sylva. A new kind of drug abuse. http://www.kowaparty.org/blog/authors/126 2010. Accessed on 21st March 2016.
[4] A. G. Umar. The Mace Voice of Democracy; Abuse of Syrup with codeine. 2010. http://www.maceonline.com/bub/index.php Accessed on 21st March 2016.
[5] D. Cheung. Overview of Cough Mixtures Abuse in Hong Kong. 2006. http://www.hkma.org/English/newsroom/news/20060907-david Cheung_cough97.ppt Accessed on 21st March 2016.
[6] K. Schroeder and T. Fahey. "Over-the-counter medications for acute cough in children and adults in ambulatory settings.". Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2001.
[7] National Institute of Drug Abuse. 2015, Research Report Series 7.
[8] C. Blanco, D. Alderson and E. Ogburn. Changes in the prevalence of nonmedical prescription drug use and drug use disorders in the United States: 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007; 90 (2-3): 252-260.
[9] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Centre for Behavioural Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2003- 2013.
[10] M. D. Rockville, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Centre for Behavioural Health Statistics and Quality (CBHSQ). Drug Abuse Warning Network: 2011: Selected Tables of National Estimates of Drug Related Emergency Department Visits.
[11] C. M. Jones and J. K. McAninch. Emergency Department Visits and Overdose Deaths from Combined Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines. Am J Prev Med. 2015; 49 (4): 493-501. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.040.
[12] R. A. Rudd, N. Aleshire, J. E. Zibbell and R. M. Gladden. Increases in Drug and Opioid Overdose Deaths - United States, 2000-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016; 64 (50-51): 1378-1382. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6450a3.
[13] National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control. Restriction on use of Cough syrups containing Codeine. Abuja, Nigeria. 2012. Available at www.nafdac.gov.ng. Retreived on 20th March 2016.
[14] Federal Ministry of Information. Nigeria: a people united, a future assured. 2, State Surveys (Millennium ed.). Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Infor p. 106. ISBN 9780104089.
[15] A. Nossiter. "In Nigeria, New Boko Haram Suicide Bomber Tactic: "It's a Little Girl"". The New York Times. 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
[16] N. L. Rachel, R. W. Matthew, A. P. C. Elizabeth and R. P. Michael. Risk and Protective Factors and Estimates of Substance Use Initiation: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
[17] National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 2009 reports.
[18] I. M. Dankani. Abuse of cough syrup as a new trend in drug abuse among the youths in five (5) Northwestern States of Nigeria. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences. http://www.ijmra.us. IJPSS. 2012. Volume 2, Issue 8 ISSN: 2249-5894.
[19] W. Li-Tzy, E. George, W. Y. Chongming, D. G. Blazer. Subtypes of nonmedical opioid users: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2010. Vol. 112, Issues 1-2, p69–80.
Author Information
  • Department of Parmachology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Maidugri, Nigeria

  • Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Maidugri, Nigeria

  • Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Maidugri, Nigeria

  • Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Maidugri, Nigeria

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    Garba Uthman S., Sholey Zakama G., Maryam Modu B., Usama Bugaje U. (2017). A Survey of the Usage and Users of Codeine Containing Cough Syrups in Maiduguri Nigeria. Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience, 2(2-1), 42-46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.18

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    Garba Uthman S.; Sholey Zakama G.; Maryam Modu B.; Usama Bugaje U. A Survey of the Usage and Users of Codeine Containing Cough Syrups in Maiduguri Nigeria. Adv. Psychol. Neurosci. 2017, 2(2-1), 42-46. doi: 10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.18

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    AMA Style

    Garba Uthman S., Sholey Zakama G., Maryam Modu B., Usama Bugaje U. A Survey of the Usage and Users of Codeine Containing Cough Syrups in Maiduguri Nigeria. Adv Psychol Neurosci. 2017;2(2-1):42-46. doi: 10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.18

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  • @article{10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.18,
      author = {Garba Uthman S. and Sholey Zakama G. and Maryam Modu B. and Usama Bugaje U.},
      title = {A Survey of the Usage and Users of Codeine Containing Cough Syrups in Maiduguri Nigeria},
      journal = {Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience},
      volume = {2},
      number = {2-1},
      pages = {42-46},
      doi = {10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.18},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.apn.s.2017020201.18},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.apn.s.2017020201.18},
      abstract = {The Directorate of Narcotic and Controlled substances of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and control (NAFDAC) disclosed that a large number of Nigerians are abusing the prescription of codeine. The following work studied this illicit drug utilization in Maiduguri metropolitan Area of Borno State of Nigeria, with the aim of understanding the socio-political factors surrounding the menace in the Society. A questionnaire based survey was conducted within the study area. Volunteers numbering 210 were recruited from consented premises of pharmacies and drug shops within the Local Government Area. The questionnaire basically addressed demography of users of Codeine Containing Cough Syrups (CCCS) and socio-political factors surrounding the usage. Data obtained were analyzed using simple descriptive and inferential statics. Of the 210 users of CCCS 95.2% were males and mainly (71.0%) in their twenties. Majority of the respondents are either students (39.0%) or self employed (23.3%). The predominant educational qualifications are secondary school certificate (51.9%) and diploma certificate (11.9%). Most (92.4%) of the respondents perceived that they administer CCCS for medical purposes mainly to increase wellness. Associated feelings include; ‘feeling high’ (37.1%), ‘sleepiness and forgetting worries’ (6.7%) and calmness in the form of ‘decrease fighting urge’ (4.3%) and ‘decrease hyperactivity’ (2.9%). About 64.3% of the respondents admitted that they cannot go through a day without taking CCCS. The most popular feelings whenever CCCS is not taken includes: ‘sickness’ (17.6%), ‘not happy’ (14.8%), ‘sleepy or weakness’ (15.9%). Students and youths withing the age bracket of 20 to 30 years constituteed a sizable majority of CCCS users. The law surrounding the use of CCCS seems to have little impact on the usage seemingly due to poor enforcement, assuch agencies responsible for enforcing these laws sould be envigorated. A well-established surveillance system and target intervention programs are needed given the potential long-term negative outcomes of use of CCCS and other addictive PoM.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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    AU  - Sholey Zakama G.
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