Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves

Awal; Mohd Abdul

doi:doi:10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11

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Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves

Awal, Mohd Abdul

Published in Earth Sciences (Volume 3, Issue 4)

Received: 7 August 2014 Accepted: 18 August 2014 Published: 30 August 2014

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Abstract

Mangroves supports a diverse fauna and flora, approximately one million people of Bangladesh and India depend on it directly for their livelihood, and also it provides a critical natural habitat which helps protect the low lying country and its population from natural catastrophes such as cyclones. Despite this role, mangroves particularly Sundarbans has been facing tremendous problems, including that of dieback (top-dying), human destructions, deforestations, illicit fellings, miss-management of the main tree species (Heritiera fomes) which is affecting millions of trees. The cause of this dieback is still not well understood unknown. The present work has investigated one of the possible factors that might be causing this problems like top-dying, namely the concentrations of various chemical elements present in the sediments, particularly heavy metals, though other chemical parameters such as the pH, salinity, moisture content of the sediment and nutrient status were also assessed. Tree height and trunk diameter were determined as indications of tree growth, counts of seedlings and saplings were made to assess regeneration success, and the intensity of top-dying within the sampled plots was recorded on a rank scale. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying disease of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and people and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants and surrounding people in Sundarbans, Bangladesh (Awal, 2014).

Published in	Earth Sciences (Volume 3, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11
Page(s)	97-108
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Status of World Mangroves, Chemical Contamination, Causal Factors, Heavy Metal Concentrations, Sundarbans, Top-Dying

References

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APA Style

Awal, Mohd Abdul. (2014). Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves. Earth Sciences, 3(4), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11

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ACS Style

Awal; Mohd Abdul. Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves. Earth Sci. 2014, 3(4), 97-108. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11

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AMA Style

Awal, Mohd Abdul. Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves. Earth Sci. 2014;3(4):97-108. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11

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@article{10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11,
  author = {Awal and Mohd Abdul},
  title = {Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves},
  journal = {Earth Sciences},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {97-108},
  doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20140304.11},
  abstract = {Mangroves supports a diverse fauna and flora, approximately one million people of Bangladesh and India depend on it directly for their livelihood, and also it provides a critical natural habitat which helps protect the low lying country and its population from natural catastrophes such as cyclones. Despite this role, mangroves particularly Sundarbans has been facing tremendous problems, including that of dieback (top-dying), human destructions, deforestations, illicit fellings, miss-management of the main tree species (Heritiera fomes) which is affecting millions of trees. The cause of this dieback is still not well understood unknown. The present work has investigated one of the possible factors that might be causing this problems like top-dying, namely the concentrations of various chemical elements present in the sediments, particularly heavy metals, though other chemical parameters such as the pH, salinity, moisture content of the sediment and nutrient status were also assessed. Tree height and trunk diameter were determined as indications of tree growth, counts of seedlings and saplings were made to assess regeneration success, and the intensity of top-dying within the sampled plots was recorded on a rank scale. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying disease of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and people and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants and surrounding people in Sundarbans, Bangladesh (Awal, 2014).},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves
AU  - Awal
AU  - Mohd Abdul
Y1  - 2014/08/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11
T2  - Earth Sciences
JF  - Earth Sciences
JO  - Earth Sciences
SP  - 97
EP  - 108
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5982
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11
AB  - Mangroves supports a diverse fauna and flora, approximately one million people of Bangladesh and India depend on it directly for their livelihood, and also it provides a critical natural habitat which helps protect the low lying country and its population from natural catastrophes such as cyclones. Despite this role, mangroves particularly Sundarbans has been facing tremendous problems, including that of dieback (top-dying), human destructions, deforestations, illicit fellings, miss-management of the main tree species (Heritiera fomes) which is affecting millions of trees. The cause of this dieback is still not well understood unknown. The present work has investigated one of the possible factors that might be causing this problems like top-dying, namely the concentrations of various chemical elements present in the sediments, particularly heavy metals, though other chemical parameters such as the pH, salinity, moisture content of the sediment and nutrient status were also assessed. Tree height and trunk diameter were determined as indications of tree growth, counts of seedlings and saplings were made to assess regeneration success, and the intensity of top-dying within the sampled plots was recorded on a rank scale. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying disease of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and people and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants and surrounding people in Sundarbans, Bangladesh (Awal, 2014).
VL  - 3
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Awal
Mohd Abdul

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APA Style

Awal, Mohd Abdul. (2014). Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves. Earth Sciences, 3(4), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11

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ACS Style

Awal; Mohd Abdul. Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves. Earth Sci. 2014, 3(4), 97-108. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11

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AMA Style

Awal, Mohd Abdul. Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves. Earth Sci. 2014;3(4):97-108. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11,
  author = {Awal and Mohd Abdul},
  title = {Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves},
  journal = {Earth Sciences},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {97-108},
  doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20140304.11},
  abstract = {Mangroves supports a diverse fauna and flora, approximately one million people of Bangladesh and India depend on it directly for their livelihood, and also it provides a critical natural habitat which helps protect the low lying country and its population from natural catastrophes such as cyclones. Despite this role, mangroves particularly Sundarbans has been facing tremendous problems, including that of dieback (top-dying), human destructions, deforestations, illicit fellings, miss-management of the main tree species (Heritiera fomes) which is affecting millions of trees. The cause of this dieback is still not well understood unknown. The present work has investigated one of the possible factors that might be causing this problems like top-dying, namely the concentrations of various chemical elements present in the sediments, particularly heavy metals, though other chemical parameters such as the pH, salinity, moisture content of the sediment and nutrient status were also assessed. Tree height and trunk diameter were determined as indications of tree growth, counts of seedlings and saplings were made to assess regeneration success, and the intensity of top-dying within the sampled plots was recorded on a rank scale. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying disease of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and people and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants and surrounding people in Sundarbans, Bangladesh (Awal, 2014).},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves
AU  - Awal
AU  - Mohd Abdul
Y1  - 2014/08/30
PY  - 2014
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11
T2  - Earth Sciences
JF  - Earth Sciences
JO  - Earth Sciences
SP  - 97
EP  - 108
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5982
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11
AB  - Mangroves supports a diverse fauna and flora, approximately one million people of Bangladesh and India depend on it directly for their livelihood, and also it provides a critical natural habitat which helps protect the low lying country and its population from natural catastrophes such as cyclones. Despite this role, mangroves particularly Sundarbans has been facing tremendous problems, including that of dieback (top-dying), human destructions, deforestations, illicit fellings, miss-management of the main tree species (Heritiera fomes) which is affecting millions of trees. The cause of this dieback is still not well understood unknown. The present work has investigated one of the possible factors that might be causing this problems like top-dying, namely the concentrations of various chemical elements present in the sediments, particularly heavy metals, though other chemical parameters such as the pH, salinity, moisture content of the sediment and nutrient status were also assessed. Tree height and trunk diameter were determined as indications of tree growth, counts of seedlings and saplings were made to assess regeneration success, and the intensity of top-dying within the sampled plots was recorded on a rank scale. However, the present results have showed that Sn, Exchangeable K, soil pH, Pb , Zn and Ni could be directly linked with top-dying disease of Heritiera fomes (Sundri) in Sundarbans, probably particularly by weakening the vigor of the trees and people and allowing other factors such as pathological agents to attack the plants and surrounding people in Sundarbans, Bangladesh (Awal, 2014).
VL  - 3
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download