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Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Soil in Ondo State Bitumen Environment, Nigeria

Received: 03 October 2016    Accepted: 22 November 2016    Published: 04 January 2017
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Abstract

The geochemistry and bulk mineralogy of surface (0-30 cm) and subsurface (60-90 cm) soil samples in the bitumen environment of Ondo State Nigeria was studied using X-Ray Florescence and X-Ray Diffraction techniques. The bulk minerals were qualitatively studied with EVA software and quantified using Rietveld refinement method. The mineralogy was found to be essentially quartz, kaolinite and feldspars with respective abundances of 83.76-93.76%, 4.38-10.60% and 1.86-3.82%. The geochemistry reveals that the order of abundance of major oxides is SiO2 > Al2O3 > Fe2O3 > TiO2 ≥ K2O > MgO > CaO > Na2O ≥ P2O5 > MnO > Cr2O3. Only Fe2O3 shows a little leaching into the subsurface layer while TiO2 was relatively stable between the two layers. The high quartz, low kaolinite, low feldspar and low gibbsite content may indicate moderate to high degree of weathering; higher contents of silica and alumina as well as alkalis and calcium in the surface layer may equally suggest an aeolian additions and/or relative enrichment of minerals during weathering and nutrient cycling by vegetation.

DOI 10.11648/j.earth.20160506.16
Published in Earth Sciences (Volume 5, Issue 6, December 2016)
Page(s) 123-134
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Mineralogy, Geochemistry, Soil, Bitumen, Environment, XRF, XRD

References
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Author Information
  • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

  • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, Ontario, Canada

  • Department of Geology, Western University, Ontario, Canada

  • Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

  • Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

  • Department of Applied Geology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

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  • APA Style

    Tomori W. B., Yanful E. K., Flemming R. L., Amoo I. A., Aiyesanmi A. F., et al. (2017). Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Soil in Ondo State Bitumen Environment, Nigeria. Earth Sciences, 5(6), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20160506.16

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    Tomori W. B.; Yanful E. K.; Flemming R. L.; Amoo I. A.; Aiyesanmi A. F., et al. Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Soil in Ondo State Bitumen Environment, Nigeria. Earth Sci. 2017, 5(6), 123-134. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20160506.16

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    AMA Style

    Tomori W. B., Yanful E. K., Flemming R. L., Amoo I. A., Aiyesanmi A. F., et al. Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Soil in Ondo State Bitumen Environment, Nigeria. Earth Sci. 2017;5(6):123-134. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20160506.16

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  • @article{10.11648/j.earth.20160506.16,
      author = {Tomori W. B. and Yanful E. K. and Flemming R. L. and Amoo I. A. and Aiyesanmi A. F. and Adekoya J. A.},
      title = {Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Soil in Ondo State Bitumen Environment, Nigeria},
      journal = {Earth Sciences},
      volume = {5},
      number = {6},
      pages = {123-134},
      doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20160506.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20160506.16},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20160506.16},
      abstract = {The geochemistry and bulk mineralogy of surface (0-30 cm) and subsurface (60-90 cm) soil samples in the bitumen environment of Ondo State Nigeria was studied using X-Ray Florescence and X-Ray Diffraction techniques. The bulk minerals were qualitatively studied with EVA software and quantified using Rietveld refinement method. The mineralogy was found to be essentially quartz, kaolinite and feldspars with respective abundances of 83.76-93.76%, 4.38-10.60% and 1.86-3.82%. The geochemistry reveals that the order of abundance of major oxides is SiO2 > Al2O3 > Fe2O3 > TiO2 ≥ K2O > MgO > CaO > Na2O ≥ P2O5 > MnO > Cr2O3. Only Fe2O3 shows a little leaching into the subsurface layer while TiO2 was relatively stable between the two layers. The high quartz, low kaolinite, low feldspar and low gibbsite content may indicate moderate to high degree of weathering; higher contents of silica and alumina as well as alkalis and calcium in the surface layer may equally suggest an aeolian additions and/or relative enrichment of minerals during weathering and nutrient cycling by vegetation.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Soil in Ondo State Bitumen Environment, Nigeria
    AU  - Tomori W. B.
    AU  - Yanful E. K.
    AU  - Flemming R. L.
    AU  - Amoo I. A.
    AU  - Aiyesanmi A. F.
    AU  - Adekoya J. A.
    Y1  - 2017/01/04
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20160506.16
    DO  - 10.11648/j.earth.20160506.16
    T2  - Earth Sciences
    JF  - Earth Sciences
    JO  - Earth Sciences
    SP  - 123
    EP  - 134
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5982
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20160506.16
    AB  - The geochemistry and bulk mineralogy of surface (0-30 cm) and subsurface (60-90 cm) soil samples in the bitumen environment of Ondo State Nigeria was studied using X-Ray Florescence and X-Ray Diffraction techniques. The bulk minerals were qualitatively studied with EVA software and quantified using Rietveld refinement method. The mineralogy was found to be essentially quartz, kaolinite and feldspars with respective abundances of 83.76-93.76%, 4.38-10.60% and 1.86-3.82%. The geochemistry reveals that the order of abundance of major oxides is SiO2 > Al2O3 > Fe2O3 > TiO2 ≥ K2O > MgO > CaO > Na2O ≥ P2O5 > MnO > Cr2O3. Only Fe2O3 shows a little leaching into the subsurface layer while TiO2 was relatively stable between the two layers. The high quartz, low kaolinite, low feldspar and low gibbsite content may indicate moderate to high degree of weathering; higher contents of silica and alumina as well as alkalis and calcium in the surface layer may equally suggest an aeolian additions and/or relative enrichment of minerals during weathering and nutrient cycling by vegetation.
    VL  - 5
    IS  - 6
    ER  - 

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