Earth Sciences

| Peer-Reviewed |

Major and Some Trace Elements Concentrations of Miocene-Aged Alpu Coals, Eskişehir, Turkey

Received: 16 September 2014    Accepted: 30 September 2014    Published: 20 October 2014
Views:       Downloads:

Share This Article

Abstract

Elemental contents, organic matter, and relation with Miocene-aged coal samples were analyzed in Alpu, Eskişehir, Turkey. The coal samples were identified as upper and lower seams in the m2 series. This series includes the following from the bottom to the top: claystone–marl, coal lower seam, sandstone, siltstone–claystone, upper coal seam, and claystone–sandstone–gravelstone. A total of 17 coal samples (eight and nine from the upper and the lower seam) were collected from five boreholes. Proximate and element analyses of the samples were performed and evaluated. In an air-dried basis, the upper and the lower seam have low average moisture contents (about 8% and 6%), average moderate ash yields (about 31% and 28%), and high total average calorific values (about 3215 and 2934 kcal/kg). The major elements found in Miocene-aged coal in this area are Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, and S. Compared with the average world coal content, major elemental contents of the two seams have highly enriched levels. Some trace elemental contents (e.g., V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb, Zr, and As) of the studied coal samples indicate similarity between the two coal seams, which are highly depleted with respect to the world average. The Al and Si contents of both coal seams have positive correlations with the ash yield, whereas those of Mg, Na, Ca, and Fe have negative correlations. The concentrations of Ni and Ba in these seams are positively correlated with the ash yield, and that of Sr and Zr have negative correlations.

DOI 10.11648/j.earth.20140304.12
Published in Earth Sciences (Volume 3, Issue 4, August 2014)
Page(s) 109-116
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Coals, Proximate Analysis, Major and Trace Elements, Miocene, Alpu, Turkey

References
[1] Koniarov, G., 1932. The Brown Coals in Bulgaria. Issue of the Government Pernik Mines. 303 pp. (in Bulgarian).
[2] Minchev, D., 1962. Petrology of Bulgarian Brown coals, petrographical investigations of Chukurovo coal basin. Livre 2- Geologie 56. Annuaire de l’Universite de Sofia, pp. 1-69 (in Bulgarian with German abstract).
[3] Falcon-Lang, H.J., 2006. A history of research at the Jogging Fossil Cliffs of Nova Scotia, Canada, the world’s finest Pennsylvanian section. Proceedings of Geologists2 Association 117, 377-392.
[4] Erdei, B., Dolezych, M., Hably, L., 2009. The buried Miocene forest at Bükkábrány, Hungary. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 155, 69-79.
[5] Yossifova, M. G., Eskenazy, G. M., Valceva, S. P., 2011. Petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of submarine coals and petrified forest in the Sozopol Bay, Bulgaria. International Journal of Coal Geology 87, 212-225.
[6] Vassilev, S. V., Vassileva, C. G., 2009. A new approach fort he combined chemical and mineral classification of the inorganic matter in coal. 1. Chemical and mineral classification systems, Fuel 88, 235-245.
[7] Gentzis, T., Goodarzi, F., 1997. Selected elements and radionuclides in thermal coals from Alberta. Can. Energy Sources 19, 259-269.
[8] Karayiğit, I. H., Gayer, R. A., Querol, X., and Onacak, T., 2000. Contents of major and trace elements in feed coals from Turkish coal-fired power plants. Intl. J. Coal Geol. 44, 169-184.
[9] Siyako, F., Coşar, N., Çokyaman, S. ve Coşar, Z., 1991. Tertiary Geology of Bozüyük-İnönü-Eskişehir-Alpu- Beylikova-Sakarya Wastes and Coal Possibilities. MTA Report No. 9281 (unpublished), Ankara.
[10] Gözler, Z. Cevher, F., Ergül, E. ve Asutay, J. H., 1997. Geology of Middle and South of Sakarya, (unpublished),
[11] Şengüler, İ., 2011. Neogene Geology of Eskişehir Sivrihisar Basin and Potential of Coal. MTA Report No. 993, (unpublished), Ankara.
[12] Finkelman, R.B., 1981. Modes of occurence of trace elements in coals. US Geol. Surv. Open File Report No OFR-81-99, 301 p.
[13] Finkelman, R.B., 1995. Modes of occurences of environmentally-sensitive trace elements in coal. In: Environmental Aspects of Trace Elements in Coal. Swaine, D. J., Goodarzi, F. (eds), The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 24-44.
[14] Orem, W. H., Finkelman, R. B., 2003. Coal and geochemistry. In: Treatise on Geochemistry. Holland, H. D., Turekian, K. K. (eds.), Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 191-222.
[15] Zubovic, P., Stadnichenko, T., and Sheffey, N. B., 1960. The association of minor elements with organic and inorganic phases in coal. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 400, 84-87.
[16] Kara-Gulbay, R., Korkmaz, S., 2009. Trace Elements Geochemistry of the Jurassic Coals in the Feke and Kozan (Adana) Areas, Eastern Taurides, Turkey. Energy Sources, Part A, 31 1315-1328.
[17] Swaine, D. J., 1990. Trace Elements in Coal. Butterworrths, London, p. 278.
[18] Ward, C. R., Spears, D. A., Booth, C. A., Staton, I., Gurba, L. W. 1999. Mineral matter and the elements in coal of the Gunnedah Basin, New South Wales, Australia. Int. J. Coal. Geol. 40, 231-308.
[19] Valkovic, V. 1983. Trace elements in coal. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 210-281.
[20] Ketris, M.P., Yudovich, Ya.E., 2009. Estimations of Clarkes for Carbonaceous biotithes: World averages for trace element contents in black shales and coals. Intl. J. Coal Geol.78, 135-148.
[21] Gayer, R.A., Karayigit, A.I., Goldsmith, S., Onacak, T., Rose, M., 1998. Trace elements geochemistry of feed coals, fly and bottom ashes of Turkish power plants: implications for ash utilization. In: Proceedings of the 8th Australian Coal Science Conference, December. Pp.339-344.
[22] Kortenski, J., Sotirov, A., 2002. Trace and major elements content and distribution in Neogene lignite from the Sofia Basin, Bulgaria. International Journal of Coal Geology 52, 63-82.
[23] Dai, S., Ren, D., Tang, Y., Yue, M., Hao, L., 2005. Concentration and distrubition of elements in Late Permian coals from western Guizhou Province, China. Intl. J. Coal Geol 61, 119-137.
[24] Swaine, D. J., 1995. The contents and some related aspects of trace elements in coals. In: Environmental Aspects of Trace Elements in Coal. Swaine, D. J., Goodarzi, F. (eds), London, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 5-19.
[25] Nicholls, G. D., 1968. The geochemsitry of coal-bearing strata. In: Coal and Coal Bearing Strata. Murchison, H. D., Turekian, K. K. (eds.), Edinburg: Oliver and Boyd, pp. 269-307.
[26] Gluskoter, H., Ruch, R., Miller, W., Cahill, R., Dreher, G., Kuhn, J., 1977. Trace elements in coal: occurrence and distribution. Circular-Illinois State Geological Survey 499, 155p.
[27] Song, D., Qin, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, W., Zheng, C., 2007. Concentration and distribution of trace elements in some coals from Nothern China. Intl. J. Coal Geol. 69, 179-191.
[28] Kuhn, J. K., Fiene, F.L., Cahill, R. A., Gluskoter, H. J., Shimp, N. F., 1980, Abundance of trace and minor elements in organic and mineral fractions of coal. Illinois State Geological Survey 88, 67p.
[29] Querol, X., Fernandez Turtle, J. L., Lopez-Soler, A., Duran, M. E., 1992. Trace elements in high-sulfur sub-bituminous coals of the their bearing during coal combustion. 2nd Report, European Coal and Steel Community Project 7220/ED/014.33p.
[30] Pareek, H.S., Bardhan, B., 1985. Trace elements and their variation along seam profiles of the Middle and Upper Barakar Formations (Lower Permian) in the East Bokaro coal field, district Hazaribag, Bihar, India. Int. J. Coal Geology 5, 281-314.
[31] Miller, R.N., Given, P.H., 1987. The association of major, minor and trace inorganic elements with lignites: III. Trace elements in four lignites and general discussion of all data from this study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 1843-1853.
[32] Eskenazy, G., 1996. Factors controlling the accumulation of trace elements in coal. Annual of Sofia University 89, 219-236.
[33] Querol, X., Cabrera, Ll., Pickel, W., Lopez-Soler, A., Hagemann, H.W., Fernandez-Turiel, J.L., 1996. Geological controls on the coal quality of the Mequinenza subbituminous coal deposit, northeast Spain. Int. J. Coal Geology 29,57-91.
[34] Querol, X., Whateley, M.K.G., Fernandez-Turiel, J.L., Tuncali, E., 1997a. Geological controls on the mineralogy and geochemistry of the Beypazary lignite, central Anatolia, Turkey. Int. J. Coal Geology 33, 255-271.
[35] Vassilev, S.V., Eskenazy, G.M., Vassileva, Ch.G., 2001. Behavior of elements and minerals during preparation and combustion of the Pernik coal, Bulgaria. Fuel Processing Technology 72, 103-129.
[36] Finkelman, R.B., 1994. Modes of occurrence of potentially hazardous elements in coal: Level of confidence. Fuel Proc. Technol. 39, 21-34.
Author Information
  • Deparment of Geology, Gumushane University, Gumushane, Turkey

  • General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara, Turkey

Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Cigdem Saydam Eker, Ejder Yapici. (2014). Major and Some Trace Elements Concentrations of Miocene-Aged Alpu Coals, Eskişehir, Turkey. Earth Sciences, 3(4), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20140304.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Cigdem Saydam Eker; Ejder Yapici. Major and Some Trace Elements Concentrations of Miocene-Aged Alpu Coals, Eskişehir, Turkey. Earth Sci. 2014, 3(4), 109-116. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20140304.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Cigdem Saydam Eker, Ejder Yapici. Major and Some Trace Elements Concentrations of Miocene-Aged Alpu Coals, Eskişehir, Turkey. Earth Sci. 2014;3(4):109-116. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20140304.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.earth.20140304.12,
      author = {Cigdem Saydam Eker and Ejder Yapici},
      title = {Major and Some Trace Elements Concentrations of Miocene-Aged Alpu Coals, Eskişehir, Turkey},
      journal = {Earth Sciences},
      volume = {3},
      number = {4},
      pages = {109-116},
      doi = {10.11648/j.earth.20140304.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20140304.12},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.earth.20140304.12},
      abstract = {Elemental contents, organic matter, and relation with Miocene-aged coal samples were analyzed in Alpu, Eskişehir, Turkey. The coal samples were identified as upper and lower seams in the m2 series. This series includes the following from the bottom to the top: claystone–marl, coal lower seam, sandstone, siltstone–claystone, upper coal seam, and claystone–sandstone–gravelstone. A total of 17 coal samples (eight and nine from the upper and the lower seam) were collected from five boreholes. Proximate and element analyses of the samples were performed and evaluated. In an air-dried basis, the upper and the lower seam have low average moisture contents (about 8% and 6%), average moderate ash yields (about 31% and 28%), and high total average calorific values (about 3215 and 2934 kcal/kg). The major elements found in Miocene-aged coal in this area are Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, and S. Compared with the average world coal content, major elemental contents of the two seams have highly enriched levels. Some trace elemental contents (e.g., V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb, Zr, and As) of the studied coal samples indicate similarity between the two coal seams, which are highly depleted with respect to the world average. The Al and Si contents of both coal seams have positive correlations with the ash yield, whereas those of Mg, Na, Ca, and Fe have negative correlations. The concentrations of Ni and Ba in these seams are positively correlated with the ash yield, and that of Sr and Zr have negative correlations.},
     year = {2014}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Major and Some Trace Elements Concentrations of Miocene-Aged Alpu Coals, Eskişehir, Turkey
    AU  - Cigdem Saydam Eker
    AU  - Ejder Yapici
    Y1  - 2014/10/20
    PY  - 2014
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20140304.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.earth.20140304.12
    T2  - Earth Sciences
    JF  - Earth Sciences
    JO  - Earth Sciences
    SP  - 109
    EP  - 116
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5982
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.earth.20140304.12
    AB  - Elemental contents, organic matter, and relation with Miocene-aged coal samples were analyzed in Alpu, Eskişehir, Turkey. The coal samples were identified as upper and lower seams in the m2 series. This series includes the following from the bottom to the top: claystone–marl, coal lower seam, sandstone, siltstone–claystone, upper coal seam, and claystone–sandstone–gravelstone. A total of 17 coal samples (eight and nine from the upper and the lower seam) were collected from five boreholes. Proximate and element analyses of the samples were performed and evaluated. In an air-dried basis, the upper and the lower seam have low average moisture contents (about 8% and 6%), average moderate ash yields (about 31% and 28%), and high total average calorific values (about 3215 and 2934 kcal/kg). The major elements found in Miocene-aged coal in this area are Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, and S. Compared with the average world coal content, major elemental contents of the two seams have highly enriched levels. Some trace elemental contents (e.g., V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb, Zr, and As) of the studied coal samples indicate similarity between the two coal seams, which are highly depleted with respect to the world average. The Al and Si contents of both coal seams have positive correlations with the ash yield, whereas those of Mg, Na, Ca, and Fe have negative correlations. The concentrations of Ni and Ba in these seams are positively correlated with the ash yield, and that of Sr and Zr have negative correlations.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

  • Sections