Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)

Elijah Ige Ohimain; Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye; Iniobong Reuben Inyang

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

| Peer-Reviewed

Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)

Elijah Ige Ohimain, Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye, Iniobong Reuben Inyang

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 3, Issue 2)

Received: 4 March 2014 Accepted: 8 April 2014 Published: 10 April 2014

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Water is very essential to aquatic ecosystem. Groundwater is the recommended water source for aquaculture systems. Unfortunately, groundwater from Bayelsa State is characterized by high level of iron and acidic pH; which has become a major challenge to catfish farming. In order to assess the suitability of the water for aquaculture purpose, untreated groundwater samples were collected from 7 domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and total iron. Furthermore their toxicological values were assessed in a 96hour static non-renewal test. The iron level of the groundwater ranges from 5.119 - 11.131mg/l, with a corresponding pH in the range of 3.97-6.40. At 96hrs exposure, groundwater from BH4 induced 85% mortality for 20-day old fingerlings, 65% for 40 day-old fingerlings and 55% 60 day old fingerlings. The least amongst all toxicants screened (BH7) caused 35, 25 and 10% mortalities for 20, 40 and 60-day old fingerlings respectively. The positive control was lethal in less than 24 hours while the negative control was not lethal throughout the duration of the experiment. Based on the findings of this research it is recommended that groundwater of Bayelsa State should be properly treated prior to their use for aquaculture as well as constant monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of pond water.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 3, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13
Page(s)	59-63
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Iron, ClariasGariepinus, Toxicity, Groundwater, Suffocation, Acclimation, Fingerlings

References

[1]	E. I. Ohimain, T.C.N Angaye and R.T.S. Ofongo, Prevalence of Catfish Diseases in Bayelsa State: A Case Study of Kolokuma/ Opokuma Local Government Area, Kolga, Nigeria. The Journal of Veterinary Science. 2013, pp. 259-266.
[2]	V. E Assiah, V. S Tom and H. Aidin, Small scale fresh water fish farming sciences, Bayero University of Kano, 2004, pp. 20-24.
[3]	E. I. Ohimain, T.C.N Angaye and R.T.S. Ofongo, the Challenge of Microbial and Parasitic Infections in Catfish Farming. The Journal of Veterinary Science 2013, pp. 301-309.
[4]	E. I. Ohimain, T.C.N Angaye and M. Okpeku, the Challenge of Non-Infectious Diseases In Catfish Farming. The Journal of Veterinary Science. 2013, pp. 344-349.
[5]	United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Colombia Environment Summary. http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/country/colombia.html (accessed 12 September 2010).
[6]	Federal Department of Fisheries (FDF). Fisheries Statistics of Nigeria, Fourth Edition (1995-2007). Publication of the Federal Department of Fisheries, 2007.
[7]	Federal Department of Fisheries (FDF). Nigeria National Aquaculture Strategy. Assisted by FAO. Formally approved by Government, 2009, pp. 18.
[8]	U. U. Gabriel, O. A. Akinrotimi, D.O. Bekibele, P. E. Anyanwu, and D.N. Onunkwo, Economic benefit and ecological efficiency of integrated fish farming in Nigeria, Scientific Research and Essay, vol. 2, 2007, pp. 302-308.
[9]	World Fish Centre, Fish an issue for everyone: A concept paper for fish for all Summit, 2003, pp. 10.
[10]	C. S. Tucker. Water Quantity and Quality Requirements for Channel Catfish Hatcheries, Southern Regional Aquaculture Center through Grant No. 89-38500-4516 from the United States Department of Agriculture, SRAC, 461, 1991.
[11]	E. I. Ohimain, T. C. N. Angaye and K. S. Okiongbo, Removal of Iron, Coliforms and Acidity from Ground Water obtained from Shallow Aquifer using Trickling Filter Method. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 2014, In Press.
[12]	K. S. Okiongbo and E. I. Ohimain, Application of multivariate statistical technique to the study of groundwater quality in a Quaternary phreatic aquifer in Yenagoa, Southern Nigeria, Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2014, In Press.
[13]	A.N Amadi, P. I. Olasehinde, J. Yisa, E. A Okosun, H. O Nwakwoala, Y. B Alkali, (2012a) Geostatistical Assessment of Groundwater Quality from Coastal Aquifer of Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria, Geoscience, vol. 2, 2012, pp. 51-59.
[14]	A. N. Amadi, H. O. Nwakwoala, P. I. Olasehinde, N. O. Okoye, I. A. Okunlola and Y. B. Alkali, Investigation of Aquifer Quality in Bonny Island, Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria using Geophysical and Geochemical Techniques, Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 3, 2012, pp. 183-187.
[15]	S. Naz and M. Javed (2013) studies on the toxic effects of lead and nickel mixture on two Freshwater fishes, ctenopharyngodonidellaand Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 2013, pp. 798-804.
[16]	EPA,“Iron Salts” Reregistration Eligibility Document (R.E.D.) Environmental Protection Agency Facts ISUS EPA, 1993, pp. 98.
[17]	Ministry of Environment Province of British Columbia-MEPBC, Ambient water quality guideline for iron: overview report, 2008, 978-0-7726-5990-3.
[18]	E. J. Smith and J. L. Sykora. (1976). Early developmental effects of lime-neutralized iron hydroxide suspensions on brook trout and coho-salmon, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. Vol. 2, 1976, pp. 308-312.
[19]	S. Abdullah, M. Javed and A Javid A, Studies of Acute Toxicity of Metals to the Fish (Labeorohita) International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. Vol. 3, 2007, pp. 333-337.
[20]	C. D. Ezeonyejiaku, M. O Obiako and C. O. Ezenwelu. Toxicity of Copper Sulphate and BehaviouralLocomotor Response of Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) and Catfish (Clariasgariepinus) Species. Online J. Anim. Feed Res.,vol. 1, 2011, pp. 130-134.
[21]	APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 19th edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC, USASS, 1998.
[22]	Water and Environmental Technology, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), American Standard Testing. Vol. 1 & II 1995.
[23]	G.T Amangabara, E. Ejenma, Groundwater quality assessment of Yenagoa and Environs Bayelsa state, Nigeria between 2010 and 2011, Resources and Environment 2 (2) 2012, 20-29.
[24]	H.O Nwankwoala, Hydrochemical and suitability evaluation of groundwater in Bonny Island, Eastern Niger Delta, African Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences vol. 3, 2011, pp. 271-277.
[25]	O.E. Agbalagba, O.O. Agbalagba, C.P. Ononugo, A.A. Alao, Investigation intothe physicochemical properties and hydrochemical process of groundwater from commercial boreholes in YenagoaBayelsa State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology vol. 5, 2011, pp. 473-481.
[26]	H.O. Nwankwola and G.J. Udom, Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater in parts of eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria, Journal of Academic and Applied Studies, vol. 1, 2014, pp. 33-58.
[27]	H. Kroupova, J. Machova and Z. Svobodova, Nitrite influence on fish: A review. Vet. Med. Czech, 2005 pp. 461–471.
[28]	C.D. Ezeonyejiaku, M.O. Obiakor and C.O. Ezenwelu, Lethal Influence of Zinc Exposure to Clariasgariepinus, (B, 1882, Pisces, Claridae) 2012, pp. 177-183.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Elijah Ige Ohimain, Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye, Iniobong Reuben Inyang. (2014). Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(2), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Elijah Ige Ohimain; Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye; Iniobong Reuben Inyang. Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2014, 3(2), 59-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Elijah Ige Ohimain, Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye, Iniobong Reuben Inyang. Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). Am J Environ Prot. 2014;3(2):59-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13,
  author = {Elijah Ige Ohimain and Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye and Iniobong Reuben Inyang},
  title = {Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {59-63},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20140302.13},
  abstract = {Water is very essential to aquatic ecosystem. Groundwater is the recommended water source for aquaculture systems. Unfortunately, groundwater from Bayelsa State is characterized by high level of iron and acidic pH; which has become a major challenge to catfish farming. In order to assess the suitability of the water for aquaculture purpose, untreated groundwater samples were collected from 7 domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and total iron. Furthermore their toxicological values were assessed in a 96hour static non-renewal test. The iron level of the groundwater ranges from 5.119 - 11.131mg/l, with a corresponding pH in the range of 3.97-6.40. At 96hrs exposure, groundwater from BH4 induced 85% mortality for 20-day old fingerlings, 65% for 40 day-old fingerlings and 55% 60 day old fingerlings. The least amongst all toxicants screened (BH7) caused 35, 25 and 10% mortalities for 20, 40 and 60-day old fingerlings respectively. The positive control was lethal in less than 24 hours while the negative control was not lethal throughout the duration of the experiment. Based on the findings of this research it is recommended that groundwater of Bayelsa State should be properly treated prior to their use for aquaculture as well as constant monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of pond water.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download

TY - JOUR
T1 - Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)
AU - Elijah Ige Ohimain
AU - Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye
AU - Iniobong Reuben Inyang
Y1 - 2014/04/10
PY - 2014
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13
DO - 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13
T2 - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP - 59
EP - 63
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2328-5699
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13
AB - Water is very essential to aquatic ecosystem. Groundwater is the recommended water source for aquaculture systems. Unfortunately, groundwater from Bayelsa State is characterized by high level of iron and acidic pH; which has become a major challenge to catfish farming. In order to assess the suitability of the water for aquaculture purpose, untreated groundwater samples were collected from 7 domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and total iron. Furthermore their toxicological values were assessed in a 96hour static non-renewal test. The iron level of the groundwater ranges from 5.119 - 11.131mg/l, with a corresponding pH in the range of 3.97-6.40. At 96hrs exposure, groundwater from BH4 induced 85% mortality for 20-day old fingerlings, 65% for 40 day-old fingerlings and 55% 60 day old fingerlings. The least amongst all toxicants screened (BH7) caused 35, 25 and 10% mortalities for 20, 40 and 60-day old fingerlings respectively. The positive control was lethal in less than 24 hours while the negative control was not lethal throughout the duration of the experiment. Based on the findings of this research it is recommended that groundwater of Bayelsa State should be properly treated prior to their use for aquaculture as well as constant monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of pond water.
VL - 3
IS - 2
ER -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Elijah Ige Ohimain

Toxicology Research Group, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye

Toxicology Research Group, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Iniobong Reuben Inyang

Toxicology Research Group, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Elijah Ige Ohimain, Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye, Iniobong Reuben Inyang. (2014). Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(2), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Elijah Ige Ohimain; Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye; Iniobong Reuben Inyang. Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2014, 3(2), 59-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Elijah Ige Ohimain, Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye, Iniobong Reuben Inyang. Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). Am J Environ Prot. 2014;3(2):59-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13,
  author = {Elijah Ige Ohimain and Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye and Iniobong Reuben Inyang},
  title = {Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {59-63},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20140302.13},
  abstract = {Water is very essential to aquatic ecosystem. Groundwater is the recommended water source for aquaculture systems. Unfortunately, groundwater from Bayelsa State is characterized by high level of iron and acidic pH; which has become a major challenge to catfish farming. In order to assess the suitability of the water for aquaculture purpose, untreated groundwater samples were collected from 7 domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and total iron. Furthermore their toxicological values were assessed in a 96hour static non-renewal test. The iron level of the groundwater ranges from 5.119 - 11.131mg/l, with a corresponding pH in the range of 3.97-6.40. At 96hrs exposure, groundwater from BH4 induced 85% mortality for 20-day old fingerlings, 65% for 40 day-old fingerlings and 55% 60 day old fingerlings. The least amongst all toxicants screened (BH7) caused 35, 25 and 10% mortalities for 20, 40 and 60-day old fingerlings respectively. The positive control was lethal in less than 24 hours while the negative control was not lethal throughout the duration of the experiment. Based on the findings of this research it is recommended that groundwater of Bayelsa State should be properly treated prior to their use for aquaculture as well as constant monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of pond water.},
 year = {2014}
}

Copy | Download