Despite the global campaign for energy transition towards renewable sources, South Sudan's electricity generation is exclusively diesel-based with an installed capacity of 12MW in Juba against 154MW demand. Persistent power outages have led to a rise in off-grid electricity self-generation using diesel generators. This study explored the available electricity generation options in Juba, quantified the off-grid electricity, and assessed the electricity market system dynamics through a survey involving 44 companies, 2 government institutions, and 2 solar energy retailers. The study found that the current off-grid installed generation capacity in Juba is higher than the on-grid with a total of 28.93MW from 142 generator-sets. 98% of this amount is diesel-fired and 2% is from solar. Running these generators for a month cost the companies US$ 533,204 on 589,760 liters of diesel, and the combustion of this fuel results in 1553.8 tCO2e emissions. Knowledge of solar energy adoption was low and showed a mixed perception with most companies having no/limited knowledge. Besides, the governance of the electricity market is monopolized by a government utility company without legal frameworks. The study recommends restructuring the electricity market to attract private players by developing legal frameworks and the creation of awareness for the promotion of solar energy.
| DOI | 10.11648/j.epes.20200903.12 |
| Published in | American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems (Volume 9, Issue 3, May 2020) |
| Page(s) | 47-59 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Diesel-fired Electricity, Electricity Market Governance, Solar Energy, Off-grid Electricity, Legal Frameworks, Self-generation
| [1] | Azodo, P. A. (2014). Electric power supply, main source and backing: A survey of residential utilization features in Obantoko, Ogun State, Nigeria. Annals of the Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, 12 (4), 51. |
| [2] | IEA (2018) World Energy Outlook (2018). IEA, Paris. |
| [3] | Rosnes, O. and Vennemo, H. (2008). Powering Up: Costing Power Infrastructure Investment Needs in Southern and Eastern Africa- World Bank Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Paper No. 61813. [Online]. Available: http://www.eu-africa-infrastructure-tf.net/attachments/library/aicd-background-paper-5-power-invest-summary-en.pdf [Accessed 17 June 2018]. |
| [4] | Tiitmamer, Nhial, and Jok Gai Anai. (2018). Transitioning to Renewable Energy: An Analysis of Energy Situation in Juba, South Sudan. Sudd Institute |
| [5] | UNEP (2017). Energy profile for South Sudan. In Atlas of Africa Energy Resources. Kenya, United Nations Environment Programme, 2017, pp. 274-277). |
| [6] | Mozersky, D. and Kammen, D. M. (2018). South Sudan’s Renewable Energy Potential. United States Institute of Peace. |
| [7] | Nagy, Z. and Szép, T. S. (2016). Losers of the Falling Oil Prices: Changes in Oil Vulnerability in the Oil Exporting Countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 6 (4), 738-752. |
| [8] | H. Plecher, H. (2018) “South Sudan: Inflation rate from 2012 to 2022 (compared to the previous year),” Statista, 10 February 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/727347/inflation-rate-in-south-sudan/. [Accessed 14 May 2018]. |
| [9] | Roy Chowdhury, P. K., Weaver, J. E., Weber, E. M., Lunga, D., LeDoux, S. T. M., Rose, A. N. and Bhaduri, B. L. (2018). Electricity consumption patterns within cities: application of a data-driven settlement characterization method. International Journal of Digital Earth, 1-17. |
| [10] | Resch, E., Bohne, R. A., Kvamsdal, T. and Lohne, J. (2016). Impact of urban density and building height on energy use in cities. Energy Procedia, 96, 800-814. |
| [11] | Gargiulo, C., and Russo, L. (2017). Cities and energy consumption: a critical review. TeMA. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 10 (3), 259-278. |
| [12] | World Bank. (2014). Doing Business: Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9615-5. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0. |
| [13] | SSNBS-(South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics) (2012). South Sudan Household Baseline survey report |
| [14] | World Bank. (2013). South Sudan - Electricity sector strategy notes (ESSN) (English). Washington DC; World Bank. [Online]. Available: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/354201468102894108/South-Sudan-Electricity-sector-strategy-note-ESSN [Accessed 22 June 2018]. |
| [15] | UNDP/MoED (2013). The Republic of South Sudan, Sustainable Energy for All: Rapid Situation Assessment and Gap Analysis Report (draft). [Online]. Available: https://www.seforall.org/sites/default/files/South_Sudan_RAGA_EN_Released.pdf [Accessed 22 July 2018]. |
| [16] | Deng, J. M. (2009). Energy status in South Sudan. MSc. Thesis, University of Nairobi, Kenya |
| [17] | Levy, B. S., and Patz, J. A. (2015). Climate change, human rights, and social justice. Annals of global health, 81 (3), 310-322. |
| [18] | USAID (2016). Greenhouse Gas Emissions in South Sudan. [Online]. Available: https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2017_USAID_GHG%20Emissions%20Factsheet_South%20Sudan.pdf [Accessed 01 May 2018]. |
| [19] | AfDB (African Development bank) (2013). Juba Power Distribution System Rehabilitation and Expansion Project. [Online]. Available: https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/adf-us-26-million-grant-to-expand-electricity-distribution-networks-in-south-sudan-12704/ [Accessed 19 May 2018]. |
| [20] | Foster, V., and Steinbuks, J. (2009). Paying the price for unreliable power supplies: In-house generation of electricity by firms in Africa. Policy Research Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank |
| [21] | Thomas, T. T., Alexis, K. and Salomon, D. B. (2010). Electricity self-generation costs for industrial companies in Cameroon. Energies, 3 (7), 1353-1368. |
| [22] | Ladu, J. L. C., Athiba, A. L., Lako, S. T. V. and Alfred, M. L. (2018). Investigation on the Impact of Water Pollution on Human Health in Juba County, Republic of South Sudan. Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health, 6 (3), 89-95. |
| [23] | Kadam, P., and Bhalerao, S. (2010). Sample size calculation. International journal of Ayurveda research, 1 (1), 55. |
| [24] | Lindgren, G., Cox, D. R., Gudmundsson, G., Bondesson, L., Harsaae, E., Laake, P. and Lauritzen, S. L. (1981). Statistical analysis of time series: Some recent developments [with discussion and reply]. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 93-115. |
| [25] | David, D. and Dodd, J. (2002). Qualitative research and the question of rigour. Qualitative Health Research, 12 (2), 279-289. |
| [26] | Meng, X. (2013). Scalable simple random sampling and stratified sampling. In International Conference on Machine Learning (pp. 531-539). |
| [27] | Kelle, U. (2006). Combining qualitative and quantitative methods in research practice: purposes and advantages. Qualitative research in psychology, 3 (4), 293-311. |
| [28] | Niglas, K. (2000). Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. In Paper presented at the European Conference on Educational Research (20), 23. |
| [29] | Stewards, C. J. and Cash Jr, W. B. (2008). Interviewing: Principles and practices. 12th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill. |
| [30] | Rukmini; Nadjamuddin, H., Sak, T. A., and Ganding, S., (2014). Estimated Emissions from Diesel Generators of Containercranes at Makassar Container Terminal, International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering (IJMPE), 2 (11), 20-25. |
| [31] | Goldthau, A. (2014). ‘Rethinking the governance of energy infrastructure: Scale, decentralization and polycentrism,’ Energy Research and Social Science 1 134–140. |
| [32] | Anayochukwu, A. V., and Nnene, E. A. (2013). Measuring the environmental impact of power generation at GSM Base Station Sites. Electronic Journal of Energy and Environment, 1 (1), 71-79. |
| [33] | Goldemberg J, Reddy AKN, Smith KR, Williams RH (2000) Rural energy in developing countries. In: World energy assessment. Goldemberg JO, ed. United Nations Development Programme, New York. |
| [34] | Ericson, S. J., and Olis, D. R. (2019). A Comparison of Fuel Choice for Backup Generators (No. NREL/TP-6A50-72509). National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). |
| [35] | US-EIA, (2014). “Saudi Arabia uses largest amount of crude oil for power generation since 2010,” US Energy Information Administration, 24 September 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=18111 [Accessed 17 July 2018]. |
| [36] | Ayik, A., Ijumba, N., Kabiri, C., and Goffin, P. (2018). Estimation of Solar Resource Potential in South Sudan Using Heliosat-4 Method. In 2018 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC) (pp. 487-492). IEEE. |
| [37] | REEEP (2012). South Sudan. URL: https://www.reeep.org/south-sudan-2012 |
| [38] | Whiting, K. E., Amogpai, A., Carmona, L. G., and Esser, L. J. (2015). South Sudan: A Review of the Development of Sustainable Energy Policy and Practices. Investigación ambiental Cienciay política pública, 7 (1). |
| [39] | Omar (2005). Biomass energy potential and future pros¬pect in Sudan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Re¬views, 9, 1-27 |
| [40] | UNEP (2013). Municipal Solid Waste Composition Analysis Study Juba, South Sudan. [Online]. Available: http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_South_Sudan_Juba_Waste_com¬position_2013.pdf. [Accessed 24 September 2018]. |
| [41] | Blinker, L and Grassi, S. (2001). Fact-finding mission to Sudan, 8-20 May 2001: for an investigation of Sudan's geothermal resources, the Jebel Marra area. UNESCO. [Online]. Available: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001418/141825eo.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2018]. |
| [42] | Steinbuks, J., and Foster, V. (2010). When do firms generate? Evidence on in-house electricity supply in Africa. Energy Economics, 32 (3), 505-514. |
| [43] | Kranzberg, D. G. (2012). Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of master’s in engineering and Public Policy (Doctoral dissertation, McMaster University Hamilton). |
| [44] | Ghosh, U. (2007). The role of black carbon in influencing availability of PAHs in sediments. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 13 (2), 276-285. |
| [45] | Odubasa, A. (2017). Survey report for electricity generation and utilization in Juba (Unpublished). |
| [46] | Mai, N. J. H., Mayai, A. T., and Tiitmamer, N. (2016). Sporadic Fuel Crisis in South Sudan: Causes Impacts and Solutions. The Sudd Institute. |
| [47] | Hansen, U. E., Pedersen, M. B., and Nygaard, I. (2014). Review of Solar PV market development in East Africa. UNEP Risø Centre, Technical University of Denmark. (UNEP Risø Centre Working Paper Series; No. 12). |
| [48] | Issa K., C. Natalie and C. Ann (2016). Solar Powered Transmission: A Case Study from South Sudan. [Online]. Available: https://www.internews.org/sites/default/files/Solar_Powered_Transmission_CaseStudy_SouthSudan2016-11.pdf [Accessed 02 April 2018]. |
| [49] | Marwa Hashem, M. (2017), November 14th. Jordan’s Za’atari camp goes green with new solar plant. [Online]. Available: http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/latest/2017/11/5a0ab9854/jordans-zaatari-camp%20-green-new-solar-plant.html [Accessed 19 July 2018]. |
| [50] | Cramton, P. (2017). Electricity market design. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33 (4), 589. |
| [51] | Bublitz, A., Keles, D., Zimmermann, F., Fraunholz, C., and Fichtner, W. (2018). A survey on electricity market design: Insights from theory and real-world implementations of capacity remuneration mechanisms (No. 27). Working Paper Series in Production and Energy. |
| [52] | Strbac, G., and Wolak, F. A. (2017). Electricity market design and renewables integration in developing countries; University of California: Berkeley, CA, USA. |
| [53] | Beus, M., Pavić, I., Štritof, I., Capuder, T., and Pandžić, H. (2018). Electricity Market Design in Croatia within the European Electricity Market—Recommendations for Further Development. Energies, 11 (2), 346. |
| [54] | Shen, D. and Yang, Q. (2012). Electricity Market Regulatory Reform and Competition – Case Study of the New Zealand Electricity Market in: Wu, Y., Shi, X., Kimura, F. (eds.), Energy Market Integration in East Asia: Theories, Electricity Sector and Subsidies, ERIA Research Project Report 2011-17, Jakarta: ERIA, 103-139. |
APA Style
Ladu David Morris Lemi, Michael Carnegie La Belle. (2020). Co-supplying the National Grid: An Assessment of Private Off-grid Electricity Generation in Juba-South Sudan. American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 9(3), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20200903.12
ACS Style
Ladu David Morris Lemi; Michael Carnegie La Belle. Co-supplying the National Grid: An Assessment of Private Off-grid Electricity Generation in Juba-South Sudan. Am. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2020, 9(3), 47-59. doi: 10.11648/j.epes.20200903.12
AMA Style
Ladu David Morris Lemi, Michael Carnegie La Belle. Co-supplying the National Grid: An Assessment of Private Off-grid Electricity Generation in Juba-South Sudan. Am J Electr Power Energy Syst. 2020;9(3):47-59. doi: 10.11648/j.epes.20200903.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.epes.20200903.12,
author = {Ladu David Morris Lemi and Michael Carnegie La Belle},
title = {Co-supplying the National Grid: An Assessment of Private Off-grid Electricity Generation in Juba-South Sudan},
journal = {American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {47-59},
doi = {10.11648/j.epes.20200903.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20200903.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.epes.20200903.12},
abstract = {Despite the global campaign for energy transition towards renewable sources, South Sudan's electricity generation is exclusively diesel-based with an installed capacity of 12MW in Juba against 154MW demand. Persistent power outages have led to a rise in off-grid electricity self-generation using diesel generators. This study explored the available electricity generation options in Juba, quantified the off-grid electricity, and assessed the electricity market system dynamics through a survey involving 44 companies, 2 government institutions, and 2 solar energy retailers. The study found that the current off-grid installed generation capacity in Juba is higher than the on-grid with a total of 28.93MW from 142 generator-sets. 98% of this amount is diesel-fired and 2% is from solar. Running these generators for a month cost the companies US$ 533,204 on 589,760 liters of diesel, and the combustion of this fuel results in 1553.8 tCO2e emissions. Knowledge of solar energy adoption was low and showed a mixed perception with most companies having no/limited knowledge. Besides, the governance of the electricity market is monopolized by a government utility company without legal frameworks. The study recommends restructuring the electricity market to attract private players by developing legal frameworks and the creation of awareness for the promotion of solar energy.},
year = {2020}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Co-supplying the National Grid: An Assessment of Private Off-grid Electricity Generation in Juba-South Sudan AU - Ladu David Morris Lemi AU - Michael Carnegie La Belle Y1 - 2020/08/19 PY - 2020 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20200903.12 DO - 10.11648/j.epes.20200903.12 T2 - American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems JF - American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems JO - American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems SP - 47 EP - 59 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2326-9200 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20200903.12 AB - Despite the global campaign for energy transition towards renewable sources, South Sudan's electricity generation is exclusively diesel-based with an installed capacity of 12MW in Juba against 154MW demand. Persistent power outages have led to a rise in off-grid electricity self-generation using diesel generators. This study explored the available electricity generation options in Juba, quantified the off-grid electricity, and assessed the electricity market system dynamics through a survey involving 44 companies, 2 government institutions, and 2 solar energy retailers. The study found that the current off-grid installed generation capacity in Juba is higher than the on-grid with a total of 28.93MW from 142 generator-sets. 98% of this amount is diesel-fired and 2% is from solar. Running these generators for a month cost the companies US$ 533,204 on 589,760 liters of diesel, and the combustion of this fuel results in 1553.8 tCO2e emissions. Knowledge of solar energy adoption was low and showed a mixed perception with most companies having no/limited knowledge. Besides, the governance of the electricity market is monopolized by a government utility company without legal frameworks. The study recommends restructuring the electricity market to attract private players by developing legal frameworks and the creation of awareness for the promotion of solar energy. VL - 9 IS - 3 ER -
Information
Email: