| Peer-Reviewed

Efficacy of Emotion Regulation Skills and Meta-cognitive Beliefs in Reducing Social Phobia Among Students- A Casual-Comparative Study

Received: 24 July 2016    Accepted: 12 September 2016    Published: 27 February 2017
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of emotion regulation skills and meta-cognitive beliefs in reducing social phobia among students. The study method was experimental type. The statistical society of this study was consisted of 60 high school girls in Tehran, who were selected randomly as case group and were divided evenly into three groups (each group 20 individuals). Emotion regulation and meta-cognition training were considered for both groups for 8 sessions and one group was selected as control. Data were collected using the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Obtained information was analyzed via MANCOVA and the SPSS software. The results were demonstrative of reduced symptoms in social phobia and panic symptoms, avoidance and physiological symptoms in the case group (p < 0.001) after receiving emotion regulation skills and meta-cognitive training. Tukey test showed effectiveness of two methods (Emotion regulation and meta-cognition). It appears plausible that emotion regulation and meta-cognitive interventions can be used to improve the symptoms of social phobia.

Published in International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijpbs.20170201.12
Page(s) 10-17
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Emotion Regulation, Meta-cognitive Beliefs, Social Phobia

References
[1] American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IVTR). 4th ed. Washington. DC: American Psychiatric Association, (12), 676-85.
[2] Bahadori, MH., Jahan bakhsh, M., Jamshidi, A and Askari, K. (2011) The efficacy of metacognitive treatment on anxiety symptoms in patients with social anxiety disorder, Journal of Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, Vol 12, No. 4, Pp. 12-21.
[3] Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic, second edition. New York NY: The Guilford press.
[4] Delavare, A. (2006). Foundations of Research in the Social Sciences, Tehran: the publication of growth.
[5] Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2013). Psychological tests, Tehran: The Besat Publication.
[6] Gross, J. J & John, O. P. (2003). Individual Differences in Two Emotion Regulation Processes: Implications for Affect, Relationships, and Well-Being, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362.
[7] Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, Cognitive, and Social Consequences. Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41-54.
[8] Hofmann, S. (2005). Perception of control over anxiety mediates the relation between catastrophic thinking and social anxiety in social phobia. Journal of Behavior Research and Therapy, 43, 885–895.
[9] Hofmann, S. G & Barlow, D. H. (2002). Social phobia (social anxiety disorder). In D. H. Barlow (Ed.). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd. ed., pp. 454-477). New York: The Guilford Press.
[10] João-M. F&David-L, R. (2014). Social Cognition and Interaction Training: The Role of Meta-cognition, Journal of Social Cognition and Meta-cognition in Schizophrenia, 162-151.
[11] Jocobs, M., Snow, J., Geraci, M., Vythilingam, M., Blair, R. J. R & et al. (2008). Association between level of emotional intelligence and severity of anxiety in generalized social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 1487–1495.
[12] Kadivar, P. (2004). Educational Psychology, Eighth Edition, Tehran: The Samt Publication.
[13] Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J & Steger, M. F. (2006). Experiential avoidance as a generalized psychological vulnerability: comparisons with coping and emotion regulation strategies. Journal of Behavior Research and therapy, 44, 1301-1320.
[14] Lobban, F., Haddock, E., Einderman, P & Wells, A. (2002). The role meta-cognitive beliefs auditory hallucination. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 32 (6), 1351-1363.
[15] Mashhadi, A., Ghasempour, A., Akbari, E., IL Beygi, R. and Hassanzadeh, Sh. (2013) the role of anxiety sensitivity and emotional regulation in predicting students' social anxiety disorder, Journal of knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, Vol. 14, Pp. 89-99.
[16] McDermott, M. J., Tull, M. T., Gratz, K. L., Daughters, S. B & Lejuez, C. W. (2009). The role of anxiety sensitivity and difficulties in emotion regulation inposttraumatic stress disorder among crack/ cocaine dependent patients in residential substance abusetreatment. Journal of anxiety disorders, 23, 591-599.
[17] Momeni, M., Rezaei, F. and Gorji, Y. (2013), Effectiveness of meta-cognitive counseling on anxiety level of female students, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 14, No. 4, Pp. 101-107.
[18] Moses, L. J & Baird, J. A. (2002). Meta-cognition. In: Wilson RA, Keil FC (Editors). The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences. 2nded. Cambridge: MIT Press; 187-205.
[19] Narimani, M., Ariapooran, S., Abolqasemi, A. and Ahadi, B. (2011). Effectiveness of training mindfulness and emotion regulation on physical welfare and chemical veterans psychological, Research Journal, Vol. 15, No. 5, Pp. 61-72.
[20] Nelson, T. O., Kruglanski, A. W & Jost, T. J. (1998). Knowing thyself and others: Progress in metacognitive social psychology. In V. Y. Yzerbyt G. Lories & B. Dardenne (Eds.), Meta-cognition: Cognitive and social dimensions. London: Sage.
[21] Rapee, R. M & Spence, S. H. (2004). The etiology of social phobia: Empirical evidence and aninitial model. Journal of Clin Psychol Rev, 24 (5), 737-67.
[22] Rodebaugh, T. L & Heimberg, R. G. (2008). Chapter 9Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders: Adopting a Self-Regulation Perspective. Springer.
[23] Spada, M. M., Caselli, G., Manfredi, C., Rebecchi, D., Rovetto, F., Ruggiero, G. M, Nikcevic, A. V & Sassaroli, S. (2012). parental overprotection andmeta-cognitions as predictors of worry and anxiety. Journal of Behavioral cognitive psychotherapy, 38 (5), 629-637.
[24] Spada, M. M., Georgiou, G& Wells, A. (2010). Therelationship among meta-cognitions, intentional control and social anxiety. Journal of Cognitive behavioral therapy, 39 (1), 64-71.
[25] Tull, M. T., Stipelman, B. A., Salters-Pedneault, K &Gratz, K. l. (2009). An examination of recent non-clinicalpanic attacks, panic disorder, anxiety sensitivity, and emotion regulation difficulties in the prediction of generalized anxiety disorder in an analogue sample. Journal of anxiety disorders, 23, 275- 282.
[26] Vaziri, SH. And Mousavi Nick, M. (2008). Relationship between negative meta-cognitive beliefs and meta worries with phobias, Journal of Thought and Behavior, Vol. 3, No. 10, Pp. 59-61.
[27] Wells, A. (2009). Meta-cognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. New York: Guilford: 1-22.
[28] Wells, A & King P. (2006). Meta-cognitive therapy for generalize anxiety disorder: an open trial. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37 (3), 206-612.
[29] Wells, A. (2003). Anxiety disorders, meta-cognition and change. In: Leahy RL. (editor). Roadblocks in-cognitive-behavioral therapy: Transforming challenges into opportunities for change. New York: Guilford: 69-88.
[30] Wells, A & Matthews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion, A clinical perspective. Hove: Erlbaum.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Esmaiel Soleymani, Azime Ekhtiyari, Mojtaba Habibi, Mani B. Monajemi. (2017). Efficacy of Emotion Regulation Skills and Meta-cognitive Beliefs in Reducing Social Phobia Among Students- A Casual-Comparative Study. International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpbs.20170201.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Esmaiel Soleymani; Azime Ekhtiyari; Mojtaba Habibi; Mani B. Monajemi. Efficacy of Emotion Regulation Skills and Meta-cognitive Beliefs in Reducing Social Phobia Among Students- A Casual-Comparative Study. Int. J. Psychol. Brain Sci. 2017, 2(1), 10-17. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpbs.20170201.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Esmaiel Soleymani, Azime Ekhtiyari, Mojtaba Habibi, Mani B. Monajemi. Efficacy of Emotion Regulation Skills and Meta-cognitive Beliefs in Reducing Social Phobia Among Students- A Casual-Comparative Study. Int J Psychol Brain Sci. 2017;2(1):10-17. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpbs.20170201.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijpbs.20170201.12,
      author = {Esmaiel Soleymani and Azime Ekhtiyari and Mojtaba Habibi and Mani B. Monajemi},
      title = {Efficacy of Emotion Regulation Skills and Meta-cognitive Beliefs in Reducing Social Phobia Among Students- A Casual-Comparative Study},
      journal = {International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences},
      volume = {2},
      number = {1},
      pages = {10-17},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijpbs.20170201.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpbs.20170201.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijpbs.20170201.12},
      abstract = {The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of emotion regulation skills and meta-cognitive beliefs in reducing social phobia among students. The study method was experimental type. The statistical society of this study was consisted of 60 high school girls in Tehran, who were selected randomly as case group and were divided evenly into three groups (each group 20 individuals). Emotion regulation and meta-cognition training were considered for both groups for 8 sessions and one group was selected as control. Data were collected using the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Obtained information was analyzed via MANCOVA and the SPSS software. The results were demonstrative of reduced symptoms in social phobia and panic symptoms, avoidance and physiological symptoms in the case group (p < 0.001) after receiving emotion regulation skills and meta-cognitive training. Tukey test showed effectiveness of two methods (Emotion regulation and meta-cognition). It appears plausible that emotion regulation and meta-cognitive interventions can be used to improve the symptoms of social phobia.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Efficacy of Emotion Regulation Skills and Meta-cognitive Beliefs in Reducing Social Phobia Among Students- A Casual-Comparative Study
    AU  - Esmaiel Soleymani
    AU  - Azime Ekhtiyari
    AU  - Mojtaba Habibi
    AU  - Mani B. Monajemi
    Y1  - 2017/02/27
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpbs.20170201.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijpbs.20170201.12
    T2  - International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences
    JF  - International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences
    JO  - International Journal of Psychological and Brain Sciences
    SP  - 10
    EP  - 17
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-1573
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpbs.20170201.12
    AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of emotion regulation skills and meta-cognitive beliefs in reducing social phobia among students. The study method was experimental type. The statistical society of this study was consisted of 60 high school girls in Tehran, who were selected randomly as case group and were divided evenly into three groups (each group 20 individuals). Emotion regulation and meta-cognition training were considered for both groups for 8 sessions and one group was selected as control. Data were collected using the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Obtained information was analyzed via MANCOVA and the SPSS software. The results were demonstrative of reduced symptoms in social phobia and panic symptoms, avoidance and physiological symptoms in the case group (p < 0.001) after receiving emotion regulation skills and meta-cognitive training. Tukey test showed effectiveness of two methods (Emotion regulation and meta-cognition). It appears plausible that emotion regulation and meta-cognitive interventions can be used to improve the symptoms of social phobia.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Psychology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

  • School of Psychology, Ardebil Azad University, Ardebil, Iran

  • Department of Health Psychology, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

  • Department of Psychology and Mental Health Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

  • Sections